for boys, were opened by the Latin patriarch, and have been very well attended. The Greeks also could no longer resist the progress of events, and opened their schools. Both of these communities have now (1853) upper schools, or seminaries, in which young men receive classic and general education under European masters. The Greek upper school contains fifty scholars, and the day school numbers ninety, with four masters in the latter. Even the Armenians, an exclusive and thoroughly Oriental community, have added to their enormous convent a fine building with separate apartments, for the accommodation of twenty young men, who are here to receive a seven years' training. It is to be hoped that the effort which is now being made to re-establish the English college will be supported. Having formerly set the example to others, the English have at this moment no college in Jerusalem; but it cannot be supposed that this state of things is to continue.

"The Medical Mission of the above named Jews' Society has been perhaps one of the most beneficial efforts made for the good of Jerusalem. The hospital, where several hundred in-door, and several thousand out-door cases are annually relieved, has been a direct benefit to the poor Jews."

After enumerating the different religious and benevolent institutions of the various Christian sects, Mrs. Finn

adds:

and good bread is made by several bakers.

"New houses spring up on every side. By new houses are meant new fabrics upon old foundations; for as yet the waste places are not reclaimed, and onehalf the ancient city is a desolation, while other parts are overcrowded. The Frank quarter is chiefly from Mount Zion and the Jaffa Gate to the Damascus Gate; but, of late years, a good many houses have been taken in the Moslem quarter, between the Damascus and St. Stephen's Gates. It is a remarkable evidence of the decrease in Moslem fanaticism, that single ladies are permitted to live quietly in the heart of the Moslem quarter, without any man-servant or other protector. And even during the present excitement about the war with Russia, no insult has been offered even in the most crowded bazaars to any person; even ladies and children pass to and fro as usual;-and this at a time when the native Christians made no secret of their (very needless) dread of a Moslem rising to massacre themselves."

"It cannot fail to strike the most casual observer, that while the native Moslem population are diminishing in numbers and influence, the Christians, strengthened and supported from abroad, are gaining in both respects. Foreign residents, and consuls of foreign nations, intimately acquainted with the history, languages, manners, and population, must needs carry weight, which the everchanging Turkish officers could but feebly withstand, if they were able to comprehend or appreciate. This state of things "The foregoing facts will serve to is not confined to the city of Jerusalem; show, that while other cities in the Turk- the Christian villages of Bethlehem, Beit ish empire are falling to ruin and decay, Yala, and Ramallah, are more numerbeing depopulated and barbarized, Jeru- ously populated, clean, and prosperous, salem is rapidly springing up into new than those belonging to Moslems, who life. European manners and European scarcely keep their ground, while the wants are bringing in civilization and others increase their lands and houses enterprizing industry. Good hotels are every year. The peasantry, both Mosfound to accommodate most travellers lems and Christians, are also far better better than the Casa Nuova, so long the acquainted with the Europeans (who only shelter for the Frank pilgrim of daily meet them in their walks and rides, whatever nation or religion. There are give them medicines, encamp on their shops where all kinds of European goods ground in summer, buy their farm-profind a ready sale for their commodities; duce, and employ their services) than carpenters, watchmakers, blacksmiths, they can possibly be with pashas whom glaziers, tinmen, dyers, laundresses, they never see, and whose soldiers are shoemakers, &c., exercise their various but known to them as a means of enforccallings. There are three flourishing ing payment of taxes, or the giving up of European tailors. The daily markets a refractory subject. The peasantry find are supplied abundantly with good a ready market among the Europeans mutton; and poultry and eggs are cheap. Many hundred goats are kept for the sole purpose of supplying the city with milk; and of late cow's milk is to be had. Fruit and vegetables are abundant;

and at the convents, for poultry, vegetables, fruit, corn and barley, wine, oil, straw, charcoal, wood, water, stone, lime, and other building materials; and the several thousand pounds annually ex

the summer months, and are treated with the utmost respect by the peasantry, who gladly let their grounds for the pitching of their tents. Even with those engaged in guerilla warfare among each other, no one case has occurred, during eight years, of incivility or annoyance to the various camps from the Arabs. On the contrary, they have been known to drive their cattle thither by night for safety. The large number of English, American, and other travellers who annually visit Jerusalem, has had a great effect upon the manners of the Arab population, and the wild Bedouin. Having learnt the value of foreign gold, they respect the persons and property of those who spend so much money among them; and the visits to Petra, Jordan, and Palestine in general, which were formerly made at the risk of life, are now a matter of business arrangement between the sheikhs, the travellers, and their consuls. How is it that persons, who are obliged to leave England in search of a milder climate, or others who prefer living abroad, do not choose the most interesting city and country in the world for their residence? Why should not young clergymen, at least, spend one year among Bible scenes, and acquiring Bible languages, before enter ing upon their active duties? Sixty pounds per annum would be quite enough for all expense of board and lodging (including the keep of a horse) for a single

pended have added so much to their buried treasures, that most of the villages are actually rich; and every year sees fresh fields cleared and sown, and more olive-trees and vines planted. Besides the daily traffic, which occupies not less than 800 camels, there is also trade carried on with Egypt in soap made in Jerusalem, and to travellers are sold great quantities of small articles manufactured in olive and Hebron oak wood, (chiefly made by Europeans,) rosaries, boxes, mother-of-pearl shells, and various other articles made in Bethlehem, whence, moreover, several thousand pounds worth are annually exported to France, Italy, Spain, and Austria. The seaport town of Jaffa has more than doubled its number of inhabitants within seven years, and has now a population of 17,000. Seven years ago, not one English merchant-ship had ever been seen there, and but few of any other nation. The first was the John Cobbold,' chartered in 1847 by the London Society for Propagating Christianity among the Jews,' to bring out the roof of Christ Church, and carpenters to put it up. Now several hundred vessels from the United States, Sweden, Norway, France, Greece, England, Italy, &c., receive and discharge cargoes. Three times per month Austrian and French steamers touch at Jaffa, for the delivery and receiving of Jerusalem mails; but there is no English steamer. The port of Kaiffa has in-person, and sixty pounds more would creased its trade in at least equal proportion; so has that of Sidon; while Beyroot is now a bustling mercantile town, considered to have 35,000 inhabitants.

cover the expense of the journey there and back. Even travellers, who spend a little fortune in Palestine to the enrichment of their dragomen, (who sacrifice the character of their employers, and oppress and grind hotel-keepers, muleteers, &c.,) know little or nothing of the country which they have passed through, under the blind guidance of blind guides. Nevertheless, the mighty tide which during three centuries impelled half the nations of Europe towards the rocky shores of Palestine-then ebbing during the temporary ascendency of Rome-is now rising annually higher. Travellers from every western nation, and 10,000 pilgrims from the East, visit the shrines of Bethlehem and Calvary; Moslems come from Arabia, Tartary, and India, and from the utmost shores of Africa, to worship at the (falsely called) tomb of Moses. The Jewish people go to pray over the ruins of their

"The climate of Jerusalem is, on the whole, good. It would be one of the finest in the world, were common attention paid to the cleanliness of the streets and houses. During the spring and autumn months agues and fevers prevail, being engendered by the exhalations from the cisterns and rubbish accumulated in the city. But the mountain breeze rarely fails by day or night, excepting during a part of April and May, when the easterly winds are oppressive. A very little care in covering the head from the sun, avoiding too low a diet, especially undue quantities of fruit and vegetables, and in taking open air exercise, preserves the health of the Europeans; and even when they are attacked by fever or ague, the disease is easily sub-city and temple, that the time of their dued if treated without delay. Travellers are most blameably careless in all the above points, and frequently fall victims to their ignorance and folly. Many of the Europear residents encamp at a short distance from Jerusalem during

deliverance may be hastened.

"The deep religious interest in Jerusalem, which has for two thousand years been gaining strength among the nations of the earth, is becoming more intense; and high and mighty potentates study,

with anxious care, politics, whose interest | perty cannot be let or sold. The partcentres in Jerusalem.

"It is often asked why Russia, which takes so decided a part in Oriental politics, whose interest in the sanctuaries of Jerusalem has threatened to disturb the peace of Europe, whose army annually devotes one day's pay to the support of the establishments of Jerusalem, and whose sailors may frequently be observed marching two and two, in military order, from one hallowed spot to another,-why Russia has no consul in Jerusalem ? Hitherto it has been quite unnecessary that she should have any. The influence of her consul-general at Beyroot, and of her vice-consul at Jaffa, supported by the powerful Greek patriarchates and convents at Jerusalem, is quite sufficient for the protection and advancement of Russian interests. At this moment, when the dismemberment of Turkey and the occupation of Constantinople by the Russians are the engrossing themes, it has been thought by many that they have forgotten the Holy Land, or that they regard Jerusalem as a question of minor importance. Far from it. It must be remembered that the Emperor of Russia is head of the Greek Church; that there are two almighties (autocratores)-one in heaven and one in St. Petersburg. During a period of several years, the Greek convent has been gradually extended over one-fourth of habitable Jerusalem, by the purchase of houses which have been connected with the convent, by means of arches thrown over the intervening streets. Of late, not only the houses immediately contiguous, but buildings and plots of ground n every part of the city, have been bought up by a Greek ecclesiastic, who, being a native of Turkey, can legally purchase. The convent cannot legally purchase land, but it is allowed in law to become possessor of property left to it by will on the death of the purchaser. The archimandrite Nikephoros has revenues so inexhaustible, that there can be no doubt as to their source. Every kind of property in the East is supposed to consist of twenty-four parts or carâts. Whether a horse, a house, a field, or a diamond, it is divisible into twenty-four carâts, and may be owned by one person or by several. Each person, in the latter case, is considered possessor of one, two, three, four, or more carâts, according to circumstances, and these descend to his heirs; so that the horse, house, field, or diamond, may at length have forty or fifty proprietors, each owning carâts, half or quarter carâts, or less, and so on; and without the consent of all, the said pro

proprietors have always the first choice and refusal, should the property be sold. Now, the said archimandrite is known as the purchaser of half-carâts, quartercarâts, or whole carâts, as the case may be, of every ruined shop, house, or plot of ground, to be bought within the walls of Jerusalem; and, moreover, as possessor of immense tracts without the walls of the city, as far as Bethlehem, and in other parts of Palestine.

"Even the tiny plots of vegetable garden belonging to the village of Siloam own the same person as possessor of carâts, or half-carâts. Until very recently, no part of these great possessions was cultivated; but within the last five years, many thousand mulberry and olive trees have been planted in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem; the most unpromising hills, apparently mere masses of rock, have been cleared with the aid of gunpowder, the rich soil exposed, walls built, terraces formed, vines planted, and small annual crops raised between the trees. Silk factories and houses are being built. At present public roads, twenty feet wide, are being made and walled in across the hills and valleys, between the Convent of the Cross and Jerusalem, a distance of twenty minutes, in order to prevent passengers from trespassing upon the plantations in progress. Gradually one piece after another is fenced in, and already the rides around Jerusalem are much interfered with by the boundary walls, while the rich verdure is a beautiful addition to the hitherto barren landscape. Large numbers of the Moslem and Christian Arab peasantry are employed in building, ploughing, and planting; and they commonly, while calling down blessings on the Greek Convent, term the Patriarch Aboo Dahab,' (the Father of gold.) The corrupt Effendies are also well acquainted with the various Russian coins, which are very common in the markets of Jerusalem.

"Thus, while diplomacy is exercised by the various European powers,-while able ministers are arranging the Eastern question, and studying the ancient limits of the sanctuaries, title-deeds are being accumulated in the Greek Convent, which the shock of war itself will not be able to invalidate, and which must indisputably confirm the right of the RussoGreek purchasers to their possessions in Jerusalem and Palestine.

"These are some of the effects of the religious interest felt for Jerusalem. Thirteen years ago, destitute and barbarous, with a plague-stricken and decreasing

shaking in the East, God alone knows Still we cannot divest ourselves of the hope that all these wars and fightings, though brought about by the evil passions of men, will work together for the accomplishment of His wise, holy, and gracious purposes. Nay, we feel satisfied that, be the result what it may, they are the

population, dead to trade, politics, or enterprise of any kind, Jerusalem was still the Holy City. Turkish pashas have since been sent 'to protect the interests of the Christians.' England and Prussia have founded their Protestant bishopric; Austria defends the Roman Catholic institutions; France appears as Protector of Christianity in the East; and the Emperor of the Russias is head of the most ancient Gentile Church in Jerusa-harbingers of the time to favour Zion, lem, Asia, or the world; while around the holy place, whence the glory has departed, still linger the Jewish people -their sole support that quenchless faith in the promises of God, which eighteen centuries of suffering have not been able to diminish or to abate. How often it is said, in these enlightened times, that politics have nothing to do with religion and yet it has ever been found that the fiercest and most intense political struggles are those which arise out of religious questions. The desolating wars of the Greek empire, the Crusades, and the Reformation, may serve to warn us what convulsions may yet shake the nations, when the tide of politico-religious interest in Jerusalem has burst the barriers which still feebly oppose its rising floods."

yea, the set time. Even if Jerusalem be destined yet for a time to continue under the grinding and barbarous sway of her Mohammedan rulers, they will not for the future dare to disregard, as they have hitherto done, the remonstrances of these Christian nations which are now lavishing their blood and their treasure in propping up their imbecile and barbarian government; and we may therefore expect that full protection at least, if not every encouragement, will be extended to those devoted labourers who have settled there for the purpose, not merely of bringing back to the fold of the Lamb the wandering sheep of the house of Israel, but also of purifying the corrupt forms of Christianity which have so long

What may be the result of the present prevailed throughout the East.

SACRED POETS.

I. GEORGE HERBERT.
(Continued from page 49.)

THE choice of a profession by a youth, or by his guardians for him, is very difficult, where there is no leaning to any one field of exertion; and the difficulty is increased by the untried nature of the youth, as well as by the untried nature of the profession he is urged to follow. A most observant eye is required to note the peculiar capacities of the individual, and to provide for counteracting early and idle prejudices for or against certain life-occupations. It frequently happens that great talents are accompanied by little or no ambition, or that their possessor is deficient in practical activity; while ambition overruns many natures of an inferior description. Distrust in their

fitness for some particular employment often haunts those who have the greatest fitness for it. This has been the case with many who should have been found labouring in the great vineyard. Whereas, a too hasty entrance on the work of the ministry, and unfitness for its most incumbent duties, have been chargeable, in every age, against a considerable number. We have heard of a youth being compelled against his will to enter into the office of the ministry, and by a father himself a minister. How painful must such a position be! If there be any profession which a youth ought not to be compelled to follow, it is that which Herbert chose. He, as we shall prove by

"When first thy sweet and gracious eye Vouchsafed, even in the midst of youth and wisdom, power, and love, or even with the