CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

DEMOGRAPHY

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-

Sec-

Principal divisions of demography - Demography both old and
new History of statistics - Celebrated demographers
tion of Vital Statistics - The statistical method - Need of the
statistical method Why statistics are thought to be dry - Can
you prove anything by statistics? - National bookkeeping-Sta-
tistics necessary for health officer National vital statistics
Statistical induction Choice of statistical data...

CHAPTER II

STATISTICAL ARITHMETIC

Collection of data - Statistical units

PAGE

1

Tally sheets - Tabulation

numbers Precision and accuracy

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Combinations of inexact

numbers - Ratios — Rates - Misuse of rates - Index - Com-

putation of rates - Logarithms - The slide-rule-

and generalization — Classes, groups, series and arrays Gen-

eralizations of classes and groups-The array and its analysis—

Groups Group designations - Percentage grouping Cumu-

lative grouping — Averages — The moving average — Mechanical

devices...

Use of graphic methods - Types of diagrams - The appeal to

the eye

Graphical deceptions - Essential features of a diagram

-One-scale diagrams Diagrams with rectangular coördinates
Use of the horizontal scale - Plotting figures by groups -

-

Plotting irregular groups - Summation diagrams - Choice of

scales - Diagrams with polar coördinates - Double coördinate

paper-Ratio cross-section paper Logarithmic cross-section

paper-Ruled paper - Mechanics of diagram making — Letter-

ing - Wall charts Use of color in diagrams Component part

diagrams - Statistical maps - Blue prints and other prints—

Reproduction of diagrams Equation of curves....

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CHAPTER IV

ENUMERATION AND REGISTRATION

United States census The census date Civil divisions

Enumeration schedule of 1910-Bowley's rules for enumeration

Credibility of census returns - State censuses Registration

and notification-Registration of births - Advantages of birth

registration Evidences of incomplete registration — Enforce-

ment of registration law - Registration of deaths Uses of

death registration Marriage registration - Morbidity regis-

tration - Notifiable diseases - Incompleteness of morbidity

statistics - Morbidity from non-reportable diseases Reporting

venereal diseases Sickness surveys

- Other methods of securing

-

data United States registration area for deaths United States

registration area for births Need of national statistics.......

CHAPTER V

POPULATION

Estimation of population

· Arithmetical increase Adjust-

-For-

Decreasing

ment of population to mid-year Geometrical increase

mula for geometrical increase - Rate of increase

rate of growth - Difference between estimate and fact. Revised

estimates - Estimation of population from accessions and losses

- Estimation of future population — Immigration Graphi-

cal method of estimating population — Accuracy of state cen-
· Urban and rural population — Density. of population
Population of United States cities - Metropolitan districts
Classification of population - Color, race, nativity, parentage
Sex distribution - Dwellings and families Age distribution
Census meaning of age — Errors in ages of children - Errors

suses

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-

--

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58

100

due to use of round numbers - Other sources of error

Age-

groups - Persons of unknown age — Redistribution of population
Redistribution for non-censal years Progressive character of

-

age distribution - Types of age distribution Standards of age

distribution Age distribution of people of United States...

PAGE

129

CHAPTER VI

GENERAL DEATH-RATES, BIRTH-RATES, MARRIAGE-RATES

· Marriage-

Comparison

death-rates in places of different size Errors in published

death-rates- Rates for short periods — Birth-rates — Relation

between birth-rates and death-rates - Fecundity

rates ·Divorce-rates Natural rate of increase

of general rates Marriage-rates, birth-rates and death-rates in

Sweden Downward trend in birth-rates and death-rates

Variations due to population estimates — Birth-rates and death-
rates in Massachusetts — Monthly death-rates in Massachu-
setts - Marriage-rates in Massachusetts Divorce-rates. in
Massachusetts-Limited use of gross death-rates- - The ideal

-

death-rate..

186

CHAPTER VII

SPECIFIC DEATH-RATES

Restriction of death-rates

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Ages of Man - The vision of
Mirza - Computation of specific death-rates-Specific death-
rates by ages and sex Specific death-rates as affected by mari-
tal condition Specific death-rates and nationality - Influence
of age composition of population on death-rate - Influence of
racial composition on death-rates - Chronological changes in
specific death-rates - Fallacy of concealed classification Use of
specific death-rates Death-rates adjusted to a standard popu-

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-

lation Examples of adjusted death-rates Adjustment of

racial differences

Special

Death-rates for particular diseases

death-rates..

CHAPTER VIII

CAUSES OF DEATH

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Nosography Nosology-Purpose of Nosology - History of

nosography — International list of causes of death- Classifi-

cation of diseases in 1850 Present-day classification - Unde-

sirable terms — Synonyms of typhoid fever - Joint causes of

death-Classification of occupations

science..

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-

PAGE

Nosology not an exact

254

CHAPTER IX

ANALYSIS OF DEATH-RATES

Reasons for analyzing death-rates · Two methods of analysis

- Useful sub-divisions - Analysis of the death-rate of a state-

Comparison of death-rates of two cities Rates not the only

methods of comparison...

299

Morbidity-rate —

Causes

Fatality — Inaccuracies of morbidity and fatality-rates -

of death in Massachusetts - - Study of tuberculosis by age and

sex in Cambridge, Mass. Seasonal distribution of deaths from

tuberculosis - Chronological study of tuberculosis - Tuber-

culosis and occupation - Tuberculosis and racial composition

of population - Diphtheria in Cambridge, Mass. - Age sus-

ceptibility to diphtheria - Fatality of diphtheria - Chrono-

logical study of diphtheria Urban and rural distribution of

diphtheria Statistical study of typhoid fever Age distribu-

tion of typhoid fever - Seasonal distribution of typhoid fever

Chronological reduction in typhoid fever

Further studies of particular diseases.

CHAPTER XI

STUDIES OF DEATHS BY AGE PERIODS

Infant mortality - Some definitions - Pre-natal deaths

Infant mortality and specific death-rates of infants-First-

year death-rate
Methods of stating infant mortality — Chron-

ological reduction in infant mortality- Reasons for the de-

creasing infant mortality - Infant mortality in different places

Deaths of infants at different ages Specific death-rates of

infants at different ages - Expectation of life at different ages

Infant mortality by age periods - Causes of infant deaths - The

Johnstown studies - Other studies of the Childrens' Bureau

Infant mortality problems - Maternal mortality - Childhood

mortality Diseases of early childhood Proportionate mortal-

ities during school age - Proportionate mortalities at higher ages

Median age of persons living - Average age at death

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Natural frequency

CHAPTER XII

PROBABILITY

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Coin tossing - Chance Binomial the-

orem Chance and natural phenomena Frequency curves,

including skew curves - Frequency curves shown by summation

diagrams Deviation from the mean Standard deviation

Coefficient of variation - Computation of coefficient from grouped

data- Probable error Doubtful observations The proba-

bility scale — Probability cross-section paper · Another use of

probability - The frequency curve as a conception....

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339

376

CHAPTER XIII

CORRELATION

Causal relations

Correlation

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Correlation and causality

Laws of causation Methods of correlation - Galton's coefficient

of correlation Example of low correlation Correlation shown

graphically - Correlation table-Use of mathematical formulæ

Secondary correlation The lag Coefficient of correlation

and the lag - Other secondary correlations - The epidemiologist's

use of correlation....

402