LETTER LXXII.

TO THE HONOURABLE DAINES BARRINGTON.

CONSIEUR HERISSANT, a French anatomist, seems persuaded that he has discovered the reason why cuckoos do not hatch their own eggs; the impediment, he supposes, arises from the internal structure of their parts, which incapacitates them for incubation. According to this gentleman, the crop, or craw, of a cuckoo does not lie before the sternum at the bottom of the neck, as in the poultry, gallina, and pigeons, columbæ, &c. but immediately behind it, on and over the bowels, so as to make a large protuberance in the belly.*

Induced by this assertion, we procured a cuckoo; and, cutting open the breast-bone, and exposing the intestines to sight, found the crop lying as mentioned above. This stomach was large and round,†

*Histoire de l'Académie Royale, 1752.

"So large," says M Gillivray," that when distended it almost fills the anterior or lower part of the abdomen, with the walls of which it is in contact. But in the owl's and goat-sucker's it is equally large, and similarly situated; and of course it does not prevent incubation with them." It is a curious fact, related by M Gillivray, that on the cuckoo's first

and stuffed hard like a pincushion with food, which, upon nice examination, we found to consist of various insects; such as small scarabs, spiders, and dragon flies; the last of which we have seen cuckoos catching on the wing as they were just emerging out of the aurelia state. Among this farrago also were to be seen maggots, and many seeds, which belonged either to gooseberries, currants, cranberries, or some such fruit; so that these birds apparently subsist on insects and fruits: nor was there the least appearance of bones, feathers, or fur to support the idle notion of their being birds of prey.

The sternum in this bird seemed to us to be remarkably short, between which and the anus lay the crop, or craw, and immediately behind that the bowels against the back-bone.

It must be allowed, as this anatomist observes, that the crop placed just upon the bowels must, especially when full, be in a very uneasy situation during the business of incubation; yet the test will be to examine whether birds that are actually known to sit for certain are not formed in a similar manner. This inquiry I proposed to myself to make with a fern-owl, or goat-sucker, as soon as opportunity offered: because, if their formation proves the same, the reason for incapacity in the cuckoo will be allowed to have been taken up somewhat hastily.

Not long after a fern-owl was procured, which,

arrival its food consists of coleopterous and other insects; some time afterwards it lives chiefly on hairy caterpillars, and the inner membrane of the gizzard is completely covered with their hairs so as to resemble the pile of some quadrupeds, arranged in a circular order, as if the food moved in a rotatory manner. Mr. White seems to be the only naturalist who found seeds in the stomach.-ED.

from its habit and shape, we suspected might resemble the cuckoo in its internal construction. Nor were our suspicions ill-grounded; for, upon the dissection, the crop, or craw, also lay behind the sternum, immediately on the viscera, between them and the skin of the belly. It was bulky, and stuffed hard with large phalana, moths of several sorts, and their eggs, which no doubt had been forced out of those insects by the action of swallowing.

Now as it appears that this bird, which is so well known to practise incubation, is formed in a similar manner with cuckoos, Monsieur Herissant's conjecture, that cuckoos are incapable of incubation from the disposition of their intestines, seems to fall to the ground: and we are still at a loss for the cause of that strange and singular peculiarity in the instance of the cuculus canorus.'

We found the case to be the same with the ringtail hawk, in respect to formation; and, as far as I can recollect, with the swift; and probably it is so with many more sorts of birds that are not grani

vorous.

SELBORNE, April 3, 1776.

The Cuckoo, Professor Owen tells us, has no true crop; nor do the proventricules differ from those of other scansorial birds which incubate.-ED.

IN August the 4th, 1775, we surprised a large viper, which seemed very heavy and bloated, as it lay in the grass basking in the sun. When we came to cut it up, we found that the abdomen was crowded with young, fifteen in number; the shortest of which measured full seven inches, and were about the size of full-grown earth-worms. This little fry issued into the world with the true viper spirit about them, showing great alertness as soon as disengaged from the belly of the dam:* they twisted and wriggled

The Viper, (Pelias berus, Bell,) is fortunately the only venomous snake indigenous to our island; it is by no means uncommon either in England or Scotland; but Ireland (blessed be St. Patrick) is entirely free from them. The fluid seems to be perfectly innocuous when swallowed, and only dangerous when introduced into the system. The Viper is ova-viviparous, and in the act of parturition the membrane of the egg is burst, for until the moment of exclusion the membrane with which the young are covered is entire, but so thin as to be torn by the slightest touch.

The teeth charged with the poison are hollow tubes, one on each side of the mouth, and attached to a small moveable bone, articulated to the maxillary bone. When at rest it reclines on the margin of the part, and is covered by the fold of skin here alluded to. When in action the tooth is raised by means of a small muscle, and stands erect upon the jaw

about, and set themselves up, and gaped very wide when touched with a stick, showing manifest tokens of menace and defiance, though as yet they had no manner of fangs that we could find, even with the help of our glasses.

To a thinking mind nothing is more wonderful than that early instinct which impresses young animals with the notion of the situation of their natural weapons, and of using them properly in their own defence, even before those weapons subsist or are formed. Thus a young cock will spar at his adversary before his spurs are grown; and a calf or a lamb will push with their heads before their horns are sprouted. In the same manner did these young adders attempt to bite before their fangs were in being. The dam however was furnished with very formidable ones, which we lifted up (for they fold down when not used) and cut them off with the point of our scissors.

There was little room to suppose that this brood had ever been in the open air before; and that they were taken in for refuge, at the mouth of the dam, when she perceived that danger was approaching; because then probably we should have found them somewhere in the neck, and not in the abdomen.

SELBORNE, April 29, 1776.

bone; and when a wound is inflicted a small drop of the poison is forced by the pressure through the perforation into the wound. When the bite is repeated immediately, and before the creature has time to recover its powers, the poison becomes less effective. It does not bite and run, but stands boldly on the defensive. Mr. Broderip mentions an instance where one bit two dogs in succession, and still showed a bold front to the sportsman, until he dropped a large stone upon it, when it decamped. The first dog was severely bitten, the second less so.-ED.