U. S. and British Weights and Measures Compared Source: United States Bureau of Standards British Imperial bushel = 1.03205 U. S. (Win- | U. S. yard are slightly different. chester) bushel. U. S. bushel = 0.96895 British Imperial bushel. U. S. liquid quart (or gallon) = 0.83268 British quart (or gallon). The British gallon, under the act of 1878, is defined as the volume of 10 standard pounds of distilled water weighed in air against brass weights, both air and water at 62 degrees Fahrenheit with the barometer at 30 inches. The British gallon contains 277.420 British cubic inches (277.418 U. 8. cubic inches); and 8 gallons make 1 Imperial bushel 2219.36 British cubic inches (2219.34 U. S. cubic inches). The difference between the British inch and the U. S. inch comes from the fact that the equivalents of the metre in terms of the British yard and the A meter equals 39.37011 British inches, or 39.37 United States inches. The value of the inch never has been fixed by Congress. The foot came from the length of the king's foot: the old cubit was the length of a forearm; the grain came from the weight of a single grain of wheat inch originated as the thickness of a man's thumb. "well dried from the middle of the ear"; and the Traditionally the acre was the area of ground that a plowman with one ox could turn over in a day. different lengths to the same unit, such as the foot Often, neighboring countries assigned slightly -which might equal any length from 11.3 to 14 inches. The Greeks recognized three different feet. which were used for three different purposes. In pre-Elizabethan England, the gallon depended upon the usage, that for wine being considerably smaller than the standard for ale. The height of horses is measured in hands and their weight in stones; paper by the ream, which may be 480 or 500 sheets. Bushel Weights in Pounds Source: United States Bureau of Standards United States-Federal law for duties on imports | for Climax baskets for grapes and other fruits and -Apples (green or ripe), 50; barley, 48; corn vegetables of the following capacities: 2, 4, and 12 (cracked), 56; corn (shelled), 56; flaxseed (lin- quart, standard dry measure. This act is interstate seed), 56; oats (hulled or unhulled), 32; peas, in application. 60; rye, 56; wheat, 60. Dry measure in the United States is based on the old English Winchester bushel. Both Federal and State laws fix the bushel as a unit of 2150.42 cubic inches. Where commodities are actually measured in bushel measures, it is customary for the measure to be heaped in the case of bulky commodities such as apples, pears, potatoes, onions, etc. The United States Court of Customs Appeals decided in February, 1912, that a "bushel" under the tariff law means a heaped bushel, and that a heaped bushel should contain 2747.715 cubic inches. Under this decision a heaped bushes is 27.8 per cent larger than a struck bushel. The Federal Standard Container Act of 1916 fixes standards for baskets and other containers for small fruits, berries, and vegetables of the following capacities: 11⁄2 pint, 1 pint, 1 quart or multiples of the quart, standard dry measure; and standards A cord of wood contains 128 cubic feet. The standard size of a piled cord of wood is 8 feet long, by 4 feet wide, by 4 feet high. A board foot is 1 ft. x 1 ft. x 1 in. Housekeeper's Measure-A 1-qt. measure holds 1 lb. of wheat flour, soft butter or broken loaf sugar; 1 lb. 2 oz. of corn meal or brown sugar; 1 lb. 1 oz. of powdered white sugar. The Standard Container Act of 1928 fixes standards for hampers, round stave baskets, and splint baskets for fruits and vegetables. The standard hampers and round stave baskets shall be of the following capacities: %, 14, 12, 58. 34. 14. 11⁄2 and 2 bushels. The standard splint baskets shall be of the standard dry measure. following capacities: 4, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 32 quart, For the purpose of this act a bushel, standard dry measure, has a capacity of 2,150.42 cu. in., and a quart, standard dry measure, has a capacity of 67.2 cu. in. This act is intrastate as well as interstate in application. The U. S. standard barrel for fruits and vegetables (except cranberries) has a capacity of 7,056 cu. in.; the U. S. standard barrel for cranberries has a capacity of 5,826 cu. in. full, or 2 "measuring cups." A tablespoonful equals 3 teaspoonfuls; a teaspoonful equals 80 drops. The equivalent is sometimes given as, one tablespoonful equals 4 teaspoonfuls, thus reducing the teaspoonful to 60 drops. Milk, at 68° Fahrenheit, weighs 8.60 lbs. a gallon provided it contains 3 per cent of butter fat; cream 8.37 lbs. a gallon, if it has in it 28 per cent of butter fat. When cream contains 40 per cent of There are, as a rule, 10 eggs to a pound. Electrical Units Source: United States The watt is the unit expressing electrical power as horsepower (hp) represents power in mechanics, it is equal to the product of the volts (pressure) times amperes (rate of flow). Thus, 2 volts times 2 amperes would give in a direct current circuit 4 watts. Electrical energy is sold at so much per watt hour or more generally at a given amount per kilowatt hour-which means 1,000 watt hours. This may represent 1 watt for 1,000 hours or 1,000 watts for 1 hour. 746 watts are equal to one horse Roman and Arabic Numerals, Source: Historical Records .30 LXXX...80 CCCC...400 CM.. 900 40 XC. .90 D 500 M. .1000 50 C 100 DC.. .600 MCM.. 1900 60 CC. 200 DCC....700 MM...2000 15 XX... 20 LXX.....70 CCC....300 DCCC .800 .6 XI.. 7 XII. 3 VIII 8 XIII 13 XVIII....18 L 14 XIX 19 LX... V 10 XV.. DLIX 559,000. NOTE-A dash line over a numeral, multiplies the value by 1,000: thus, X=10,000; T=50,000; T= 100,000; 500,000; M=1,000,000; CLIX=159,000; Other general rules in Roman numerals are as follows: (1), repeating a letter repeats its valueXX-20; CCC=300; (2), a letter placed after one of greater value adds thereto-VI-6; DC=600; (3), a letter placed before one of greater value subtracts therefrom-IV-4. Arabic numerals are those now commonly in use 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, etc. Medical Signs and Abbreviations R (Lat. Recipe), take; ñà, of each; D, pound; } ounces: 3, drachm; . scruple; m, minim. or drop, ( or o. pint; f 3, fluid ounce; 13. fuld drachm; as, 38s, half an ounce; 31, one ounce: 31ss, one ounce and a half; ij, two ounces: gr., grain; Q. S., as much as sufficient; Ft. Mist., let a mixture be made; Ft. Haust., let a draught be made; Ad., add to: Ad lib.. at pleasure: Aq., water; M., mix; Mac., macerate: Pulv. powder; Pil., pill: Solv., dissolve: St., let it stand; Sum., to be taken; D. dose; Di., dilute: Filt., filter; Lot., a wash; Garg., a gargle; Hor. Decub., at bed time: Inject., injection; Gtt., drops: 88, one-half; Ess., essence. The metric carat of 200 milligrams is now very | the proportion of alloy in a metal. generally in use. The word also is used to denote gold is 24 carats fine. Thus, pure Argentine Republic 101.28 lbs. Brazil 129.54 lbs. Castile, Peru.. 101.43 lbs. Chile. 101.41 lbs. Mexico. 101.47 lbs. 220.46 lbs. 6.35 lbs. Multiplication and Division Table A number in the top line (19) multipiled by a number in the last column on the left (18) produces the number where the top line and the side line meet (342), and so on throughout the table. A number in the table (342) divided by the num2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 ber at the top of that column (19) results in the number (18) at the extreme left; also, a "umber in the table (342) divided by the number (18) at the extreme left gives the number (19) at the top of the column, and so on throughout the table. | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 150 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 189 198 207 216 225 1 18 27 36 45 50 55 60 65 70 54 60 66 72 78 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 8 9 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 10 88 99 110 121 132 143 154 165 176 187 198 209 220 231 242 253 264 275 11 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 252 264 276 288 300 12 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 221 234 247 260 273 286 299 312 325 13 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 252 266 280 294 308 322 336 350 14 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375 15 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320 336 352 368 384 400 16 85 102 119 136 153 170 187 204 221 238 255 272 289 306 323 340 357 374 391 408 425 17 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 52 270 288 306 324 342 360 378 396 414 432 450 18 266 285 304 323 342 361 380 399 418 437 456 475 19 280 200 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 20 315 336 357 378 399 420 441 462 483 504 525 21 22 44 66 88 110 132 154 176 198 220 242 264 286 308 330 352 374 396 418 440 462 484 506 528 550 22 23 46 69 92 115 138 161 184 207 230 253 276 299 322 345 368 391 414 437 460 483 506 529 552 575 23 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384 408 432 456 480 504 528 552 576 600 24 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 25 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 Squares, Square Roots, Cubes and Cubic Roots of Nos. 1 to 100 Sq. Cube Root Root Sq. Cube Sq. Cube No. Sq. Cube Root Root No. Sq. Cube Root Root No. Sq. Cube To find the circumference of a circle multiply the or depth. Thus, a pipe 1 foot in diameter and 1 diameter by 3.14159265 (commonly expressed as 3.1416). To find the area of a circle multiply the square of the diameter by 785398 (usually expressed as .7854). To find the cubic contents of a cylinder or pipe, multiply the area by the height 9-16 1.76715 .2485 1 A square is equal in area to a circle when the side | of the square equals 0.88623 multiplied by the diameter of the circle; or when the diameter of the circle Factors are such numbers as multiplied together will produce a required number. A Prime Number is one that cannot be resolved into two or more factors; or, it is a number exactly divisible only by itself and unity. A Composite Number is one that can be resolved into factors. Average Height and Weight of Men and Women Source: Life Insurance Medical Directors and the Actuarial Society of America The weights are with shoes on, and usually with coat and vest, which weigh from 3 to 7 pounds MEN 4'11' WOMEN The figures in the above tables (except the top 15-19 line in each table) are taken from the "Medico-Actuarial Mortality Investigation" published in 1912. A similar investigation was made in 1929 jointly by the Actuarial Society of America and the Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors and reported in the "Medical Impairment Study" (1929). The data from this study agreed so closely with those of the previous one that changes in the table were recommended for only those ages below 20. Accordingly, the figures in both tables (except those in the top 15-19 lines in each table) represent the results of the 1912 and 1929 inquiries. |