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Geological History of the Empire State

Source: The late John M. Clarke, State Geologist, New York State Museum The geological history of New York can be traced back to the Precambrian era, the oldest recognizable in the rocks of the earth.

These earliest rocks known are the Grenville metamorphosed sediments (gneisses, marble, etc.). They are exposed in the Adirondacks and the Hudson Highlands. They prove that in Grenville time Northern, Eastern, and probably Southwestern NY. was under the water.

After the deposition of the Grenville sediments igneous activity took place on a large scale and huge masses of molten rock (granite, anorthosite. gabbro, syenite) were pushed into the sediments from below.

Some time after the whole Adirondack region was subjected to enormous pressure and intensely folded, and then the great mass of Grenville sediments was upraised well above the sea.

At the beginning of the Cambrian time, when organic life becomes first recognizable in the State, only the eastern margin was submerged, but toward the end (Potsdam time) the sea covered the whole region except the central and northwestern Adirondacks.

In the long Ordovician period, during which the Beekmantown, Chazy, Black River and Trenton limestones and the Utica, Frankfort and Lorraine shales and sandstones were deposited, the State was most of the time submerged under the Ordovician sea, except for the Adirondack island.

Toward the end of that period, however, the Green and Taconic Mountains arose along the eastern border of the State and practically all of Northern, Central, Eastern and Northeastern New York became dry land.

In the following Silurian period were deposited the Medina and Oneida sandstone and conglomerate, the Clinton shale, sandstone, limestone and iron ore, the Rochester shale, the Lockport and Guelph dolomites, the Salina shales, salt and waterline, etc.

During the early part of this period the sea had spread over only Central and Western New York, while during the late Silurian it had extended over the State west and south of the Adirondack region. The strata of the next or Devonian era comprises the whole Catskill and southwestern plateau provinces and cover more than a third of the State. These rocks abound in fossils and show that the sea continued to cover at least the southern half. The sea of the Carboniferous period hardly came over the boundary of the State from Pennsylvania. At the end of Paleozoic time New York, except for a small area at the mouth of the Hudson, was raised during the Appalachian revolution well above the sea, never to be invaded again until the end of the glacial period.

During the long Mesozoic period New York was dry land; in Triassic time considerable volcanic activity prevailed in Southeastern New York, when sheets of lava (the trap of the Palisades) were forced into nonmarine Triassic beds.

During the next, or Jurassic, period the State was above the sea and actively eroded, but in the following Cretaceous period Staten and Long Islands disappeared under the sea.

At the end of this period the State, which had been eroded nearly to a plain, was uplifted 2,0003.000 feet. After this time in the Tertiary period the present drainage and relief of the State were developed in its major features.

Finally came the glacial period, which enriched the State with thousands of lakes and waterfalls. It ended with the Champlain subsidence, during which the sea came for the last time into New York. into the Champlain Basin and Hudson Valley. A recent elevation has again drained these regions.

The Hudson River is one of the most ancient rivers of the continent and flows over rocks which have been frequently and heavily faulted.

Minerals and Mining in New York State

Source: An Official of the State Museum

The mines and quarries of New York State, according to the New York State Museum at Albany, yield materials valued at more than $75,000,000 a year in their first marketable forms. The State has no gold or coal deposits. Iron ore has been mined and smelted since about 1750. The deposits are widely distributed; magnetite is obtained in the Adirondacks and the Hudson Highlands, hematite in the Clinton belt of the central and western counties, limonite in Dutchess and Columbia counties.

Zinc ore occurs in St. Lawrence, Orange, Ulster and Sullivan counties, but the first named is the only producer. The output of metallic zinc in 1940 amounted to 35,700 short tons, with a value of $4,641,000.

Petroleum and natural gas represent a value of about $20,000,000. Gypsum in recent years has come into wide use for building purposes and in the mining and manufacture of this material New York leads. The output is about 700,000 short tons with a value of $1,100,000.

Salt produced amounted to 14,582,086 barrels in

Both rock salt and

1940 valued at $5.855.422.
evaporated salt are obtained.
Cement manufacture, in which local clays and
limestones are utilized, has had a rapid growth
The works are mostly centered in the Hudson River
valley below Albany, but there are also plants in
Warren, Schoharie, Tompkins, Onondaga and Erie
counties. The present output of Portland cement is
around 6,100,000 barrels, worth nearly $9,000,000
Clay and clay manufactures inclusive of brick, tile.
terra cotta and pottery recently have amounted to
$8,900,000.

The quarry stones include granite and marble in the Adirondacks and Hudson Highlands, and a varied assortment of limestones and sandstones from other regions. Trap rock is obtained in Rockland county. The total products have a value in excess of $12,000,000. The mines of tale in St. Lawrence county are the largest in the country Other minerals produced in New York State are garnet, diatomaceous earth, quartz, emery. graphite, feldspar, pyrite, slate, millstones, molding sand and building sand and gravel.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The State Museum is a part of the Education Department of the University of the State of New York. The collections are arranged on the upper floors of the State Education Building, opposite the Capitol, at Albany. The collections are open free on week days.

Hall of Geology and Mineralogy. Special exhibits in geology illustrate various industries such as clays, sands, limestone, salt, gypsum, building stone, oil and graphite.

Hall of Paleontology. This hall includes vertebrates and invertebrates. The exhibits of trilobites and eurypterids are of unusual scientific interest. The wax restorations of very ancient extinct marine life in New York show the general appearance of these animals on the sea bottom. The Gilboa fossil forest shows three layers or horizons of tree trunks representing as many forests that flourished in ancient Devonian time. These trunks belong to the oldest known forests in the world.

Hall of Zoology. The animals of New York are exhibited in this hall, the larger mammals in habitat groups and the smaller mammals, birds. fishes, reptiles and mollusks in extensive series of

well-mounted specimens. The mounted series of domestic poultry, including the domestic fowl. turkeys, pigeons, peacock, ducks, geese and pheasants is extensive. The collection of birds' eggs is one of the most complete in America. This section also contains a representative series of insects.

State Herbarium. The State Herbarium contains 75,000 specimens, mostly of New York plants, and has a large collection of fungi. A special exhibit of wax models illustrates the common edible and poisonous fungi.

Halls of Archaeology and Ethnology. The former illustrates the implements used by the Iroquois Indians, such as flint arrow and spear heads, axes, pipes, pottery and various articles used for adorn

ment.

General. The State Museum conducts geologic and economic surveys of its natural resources and their relation to its industries, also a natural history survey of the plants and animals, including insects, and acts as a general bureau of information publishing popular and technical reports. The historic and industrial collections are of considerable value and are growing.

New York State Mountain Peaks

Source: The U. S. Geological Survey; figures show feet above mean sea level Adirondacks-The principal mountain group in Catskills-They cover an area of 1,000 square the Empire State, occupying an area of 5,000 square miles, principally in Greene, Ulster, Sullivan, and miles in the north-northeast area. Delaware counties, west of the Hudson River. CHIEF ADIRONDACK PEAKS

(Figures ending in 0 usually are derived from contours and may be as much as 20 feet in error)

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New York State Parks with Campsites

Source: Division of Parks, New York State Conservation Department
THE PALISADES INTERSTATE PARK

The Palisades Interstate Park is a chain of parks that lie along the west bank of the Hudson River beginning at Fort Lee in New Jersey, embracing the Palisades, a large part of the Highlands of the Hudson, and terminating at Newburgh, in New York. The rocks of the Palisades are said by geologists to be 150,000,000 years old.

Within the area of the Park, but not under the supervision of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission, is the Stony Point Battlefield Reservation. The total area of the Park is 42,937 acres, of which the Harriman Section covers 36,386 acres; Bear Mt. area, 2,862; Brooks Lake, 1,114; Storm King, 1,056; Hook Mt., 670; Blauvelt, 536; Tallman Mt., 171; Haverstraw, 73; Palisades, 16; Stony Point. 8.

The Park is visited annually by over 10,500,000 persons. Every section of the Park is accessible by motor highways and by interior roads. In the summer season, steamboats run to Hook Mountain and Bear Mountain. The West Shore Railroad reaches the eastern borders, and the Erie the western. The main artery connecting the several sections

WESTCHESTER Hudson River Shore-Kingsland Point (85 acres) at North Tarrytown; Croton Point (504 acres) near Harmon; Crugers (251 acres) 4 miles south of Peekskill.

Long Island Sound Shore-Glen Island (105 acres) off New Rochelle, connected with the mainland; Playland-Rye Beach (273 acres), all-year resort.

Playland is the largest recreational center in the Westchester County Park System. In addition to a splendid salt-water beach and fresh-water swimming pool, boardwalk and picnic groves, it is one of the world's most modern amusement parks. Through the facilities of the ice skating casino and game rooms, Playland is an all-year resort.

Inland Parks-Tibbetts Brook (161 acres) at Yonkers, north of Van Cortlandt Park; V. Everit

LONG ISLAND

Valley Stream (107 acres), 18 miles from N. Y., from Southern State Parkway to Merrick Road.

Hempstead Lake (903 acres), 21 miles from N. Y.. on Southern State Parkway.

Jones Beach (2,413 acres), 33 miles from N. Y. This park is reached by the Grand Central and Northern State Parkways, the Southern State Highway, Sunrise Highway, or Merrick Road to either the Meadowbrook State Parkway or the Wantagh State Parkway. Jones Beach State Park may also be reached from Long Beach by the Loop Causeway and the Meadowbrook Parkway; and via the Long Island Railroad with bus connections. Jones Beach has over 2 miles of ocean bathing beach, a stillwater bathing area in Zachs Bay, a salt water diving, swimming and wading pool in the West Bathhouse, a marine stadium, restaurants, cafeterías, games areas, marine boardwalk, and other facilities.

of the Park is U. S. Route 9-W, readily accessible by way of the Holland Tunnel, the George Washington Bridge or the Dyckman Street-Englewood Ferry from New York City and from Yonkers, over the Yonkers-Alpine Ferry. It is a scenic highway almost constantly in sight of the Hudson River. New York State Route 17 gives access to the southern and western portions of the Harriman section of the Park and U. S. Route 6 crosses the northeastern corner of the Bear Mountain-Harriman section. From the east side of the Hudson River, access to the Park may be had over the Bronx River Parkway Extension and the Bear Mountain Bridge.

Cabins are available for camping at Ross Camp Dock, a short distance north of the George Washington bridge. A tourist camp is provided at the top of the Englewood approach to the Henry Hudson Drive. The Blauvelt section provides camping facilities. Automobiles tourist camping is encouraged in Harriman State Park with a charge of 75 cents for 24 hours. Camping for longer periods is permitted at Lake Tiorati where the fee is $2 per week.

COUNTY PARKS

Macy (202 acres) at Ardsley, encompassing Woodlands Lake; Silver Lake (161 acres) at White Plains; Blue Mountain Reservation (1,586 acres) in the southern part of Peekskill; Poundridge Reservation (4,100 acres) forest lands; Mohansic Parkway Extension; Willsons Woods (23 acres) at (1,100 acres) includes Mohansic Lake on Bronx Mt. Vernon, adjoins Hutchinson River Parkway. The Bronx River Parkway has been extended 30 miles from Kensico Dam to Peekskill. The Saw Mill River Parkway runs from Van Cortlandt Park to Chappaqua. The Cross County Parkway connects the Saw Mill River Parkway, Yonkers, with the Hutchinson River Parkway, New Rochelle. The Hutchinson River Parkway extends from the New York City line in Pelham Bay Park to the Connecticut line, where it connects with the Merritt Parkway, which extends east.

STATE PARKS

and pedestrian trails, a stable where well-trained saddle horses may be hired, and a polo field where games may be witnessed every Sunday afternoon during the polo season.

Fire Island (800 acres) 53 miles from N. Y., ferry Babylon.

Belmont Lake (347 acres), 42 miles from N. Y. Heckscher (1,518 acres) 50 miles from N. Y., on Great South Bay, south of E. Islip.

A gift to the State of 200 acres of Westbrook, country estate of the late W. Bayard Cutting at Great River, L. I., for use as a public arboretum was announced in 1936 by the Long Island Park Commission. The tract contains a fine collection of evergreens and is noted for its landscaping. Sunken Meadow (520 acres), 45 miles from N. Y.. near Kings Park; on Long Island Sound.

Wildwood (395 acres), 73 miles from N. Y., on Long Island Sound.*

Montauk Point (158 acres), 132 miles from N. Y.. on the ocean.

Hither Hills (1,755 acres), 122 miles from N. Y., on the ocean, west of Montauk.*

Bethpage (1,390 acres). 37 miles from N. Y., north of Farmingdale. Bethpage occupies a rolling wooded tract north of the Village of Farmingdale on the Nassau-Suffolk County Line. Four 18-hole golf courses and a clubhouse are available. There are picnic groves, over ten miles of bridle paths *Campsites available at a charge of 75 cents a day or $2.50 a week.

Orient Beach (342 acres), 108 miles from N. Y.. on Gardiners Bay.

CATSKILL MOUNTAIN REGION

Catskill Park contains 544,000 acres, of which the state owns more than 232,000 acres. The park is situated in the Hudson, Delaware and Mohawk valleys. There is a rim of high, rough, and precipitous mountains extending from the northerly end of the park along the northeast and easterly part. The Catskill section is reached by rail on the New York Central to Rhinecliff, thence by ferry to Rondout, the terminus of the Catskill Mountain branch of the New York Central railroad; and by the New York, Ontario and Western railroad. No charge is made in the preserve for the use of campsites or facilities. The chief campsites are: Beaverskill-turn north from State Highway, route 17, two miles west of Livingston Manor. The

campsite is about five miles from this point over hard surfaced roads.

Woodland Valley-turn south from State Highway. route 28, one mile west of Phoenicia. Five miles run on good macadam to campsite.

State

Devil's Tombstone-turn north from Highway, route 28, at Phoenicia or south from State Highway, route 23-A, two miles east of Hunter. The campsite is at the southerly entrance to the Stony Clove, a narrow defile between Hunter and Plateau mountains, through which the highway passes.

North Lake-turn north from State Highway. route 23-A, at Haines Falls. There follows a drive of three miles.

Cranberry Lake-Turn south from State highway route 3 at Cranberry Lake Village; 2 miles over dirt road to camp site.

UP STATE PARKS Taconic, at Copake Falls (6,000 acres) and Rudd Pond at Millerton (200 acres), 90 miles from N. Y.; Lake Taghkanic (750 acres), 115 miles from N. Y.; Clarence Fahnestock Memorial (3,400 acres), 9 miles from Cold Spring; Margaret Lewis Norrie (330 acres) on Hudson River, 9 miles north of Poughkeepsie.

are

Wall tents, 12 x 14 with floor, outside fireplace, table and benches and accommodating six available at $1 a day, $6 a week, or $20 a month. Wall tents, 8 x 10, and accommodating four, rent for 75 cents a day, $4.50 a week or $15 a month. Campsites are rented to those supplying their own equipment at 50 cents a day, $3 a week or $10 a month. Cottages accommodating as many from two to eight persons are available at from $2 to $8 a day, $6 to $40 a week or $20 to $120 a month. Application for accommodations should be made in advance to the superintenndent at Taconic park and the caretakers at the others.

The Adirondack Forest Preserve with its 2,164,529 acres, its mountains, streams and lakes, is with a single exception, the largest forest preserve in the United States. Camping is free in the Forest Preserve. The State has provided many public sites, all marked by signs, but visitors should register with the rangers in charge. No camping permit is granted for longer than two weeks, but permits can be renewed for two weeks provided such renewal does not deprive others of the privilege of camping.

The chief campsites are:

Lake George Battleground-route U. S. 9, about pne-fourth mile south of Lake George village at the southerly end of Lake George.

Hearthstone Point-two miles north of Lake George Village on Bolton road, State Highway. route 47.

Eagle Point-Two miles north of Pottersville on U. S. highway, route 9, on Schroon Lake.

Sharp Bridge Sixteen miles north of Schroon Lake on the Schroon River and U. S. highway, route 9.

Paradox Lake On the shore of Dark Bay, about three-quarters of a mile from State highway, route 73. The entrance highway to the camp leaves the State highway_two miles east of Severance and one mile west of Paradox.

Crown Point Reservation-Turn east from Route 22, about half way between Crown Point and Port Henry, Route 347 leads directly to the camp and to Champlain bridge, a distance of four miles.

Wilmington Notch-Between the Ausable River and State Highway, route 86. Lake Placid is the nearest village, 7 miles away.

Poke-O-Moonshine-On U. S. Highway, No. 9, between Elizabethtown and Keesville, about six miles south of the latter village.

Cumberland Bay-On U. S. Highway No. 9 just north of Plattsburg.

Meadowbrook-On State Highway, route 86, 4 miles east of Saranac Lake.

Barnum Pond--On State Highway, route 10, between Paul Smiths and Malone, 2 miles north of former.

Meacham Lake-On State Highway No. 10 eleven miles north of Paul Smiths.

Fish Creek Pond-On State Highway, route 10, between Saranac Lake and Tupper Lake.

Under the Conservation Department's program, a total of about 456 miles of fishing rights of trout waters located on 31 streams throughout the State have been placed under contract and are being developed and opened to public fishing as rapidly as possible.

The Conservation Department exercises jurisdiction over the forest preserve and reforestation areas and historic sites; the wild life including fish and game; State parks; water power and control and Saratoga Springs Reservation. It enPages in the propagation of fish and game and the raising of trees. Through the Water Power and Control Commission, of which the Conservation Commissioner is Chairman, the use of the water resources is regulated. No municipality can change its existing water supply or secure without permission from this Commission. wise it supervises all well drilling on Long Island. Direct administrative control over State Parks is exercised by the State Council of Parks and Regional Commissions, subject to approval, supervision and control by the Conservation Commissioner.

a new one Like

Lake Eaton-On the north shore of Lake Eaton, a quarter of a mile from State Highway, route 10. Entrance to the camp is two miles west of Long Lake.

Golden Beach-On the easterly shore of Raquette Lake, Close to State Highway, route 28, about 3 miles north of Raquette Lake village.

Sacandaga-On State Highway, route 30, and the Sacandaga River, 4 miles south of Walls.

Moffitt Beach-Turn north from State Highway, route 8, 2 miles west of Speculator.

Poplar Point-On State Highway, route 8, on the westerly shore of Piseco Lake about two miles west of the hamlet of Piseco.

Point Comfort-On Piseco Lake and State Highway, route 8 two miles west of the Poplar Point site.

Caroga Lake On easterly shore of Caroga Lake nine miles north of Gloversville on State Highway. route 29A.

Lewey Lake Midway between Speculator and Indian Lake village, reached by dirt road from Speculator and partly Macadam from Indian Lake. The road is part of State Highway, route 10. Pixleys Falls-Six miles south of Boonville on State Highway, route 46.

Whetstone Gulf-Just off State Highway, route 12, six miles south of Lowville.

Eighth Lake At west end of Eighth Lake, five miles west of Raquette Lake village on State Highway, route 28.

Eel Weir-Five miles south of Ogdensburg, near State Highway, route 87. To reach site turn west from Route 87 about halfway between Ogdensburg and Heuvelton.

Selkirk Shores, on Lake Ontario, 4 miles W. of Pulaski; Green Lakes, 10 miles E. of Syracuse; Chenango Valley, on Chenango River, 12 miles N. of Binghamton; Gilbert Lake, 12 miles N. W. of Oneonta; Chittenango Falls, 3 miles N. of Cazenovia; Clark Reservation, 2 miles S. E. of Syracuse.

Buttermilk Falls, (595 acres) 21⁄2 miles S. of Ithaca; Cayuga Lake, 3 miles from Seneca Falls: Robert H. Treman State Park (832 acres) 5 miles S. W. of Ithaca: Fair Haven Beach, on Lake Ontario, 15 miles S. W. of Oswego; Fillmore Glen, 1 mile S. of Moravia; Stony Brook, 3 miles S. of Dansville; Taughannock Falls, on Cayuga Lake, 8 miles N. of Ithaca: Watkins Glen (547 acres), in Village of that name.

Letchworth Park (5,715 acres) on upper Genesee River, 50 miles S. of Rochester.

Hamlin Beach State Park, 28 miles from Rochester (600 acres).

Allegany (56,959 acres) 70 miles from Buffalo, 30 miles from Jamestown, 10 miles from Bradford. Pa.; Lake Erie (240 acres) 7 miles from Dunkirk; Cuba Lake (650 acres) near Cuba, N. Y.

State Reservation at Niagara, Whirlpool State Park; Devil's Hole State Park; Beaver Island State Park (562 acres), Grand Island: Buckhorn Island State Park (594 acres) Buckhorn Island.

Thousand Islands State Parks, 12 in number between Sackets Harbor and Chippewa Bay.

John Boyd Thacher (920 acres) 15 miles from Albany.

The State Forest Preserve, established in 1885. consists of a total of (Sept. 30, 1940) 2,397,506 acres, of which 2,164,821 are in the Adirondack Preserve and 232,684 in the Catskill Preserve. The Preserve represents an actual investment by the State of approximately $15,000,000 to $20,000,000. In addition to guarding the State forests from fire and disease the Department maintains thirty free public camp sites in the Adirondack and Catskill regions and maintains also trails and overnight shelters. Reforestation activities, up to Jan. 1, 1941, included the replanting of approximately 325,000 acres of idle land to forest trees as part of a 15-year program for the acquisition and replanting of one million acres. All reforestation areas have been made public hunting grounds. Two forest tree nurseries are maintained with an annual output of approximately 25,000,000 trees. Trees are sold to private land owners at $2 to $5 per thousand and given to municipalities and State institutions. The total number of forest trees planted on both State and private lands, as of Jan. 1, 1941, was 601,454,500.

The New York State Canal System

Source: State Department of Public Works

The Erie Canal was opened (Oct. 26, 1825) and canalization of Seneca River and Cayuga and the system made free (as of Jan. 1. 1883).

The construction of the improved canals was begun in 1905. Their depth is 12 feet; the locks are 310 feet long.

On the Erie branch, the Mohawk River is utilized from Troy to Rome; from Rome to Sylvan Beach, land cuts and the enlarged channel of Wood Creek are utilized; then Oneida Lake and Oneida River. Seneca and Clyde Rivers to Lyons, where another land cut is made to a point near Pendleton; then Tonawanda Creek to the Niagara River. The Oswego Canal, which joins the Erie Canal at Three River Point and extends to Lake Ontario at Oswego, is practically the Oswego River canalized. The Champlain Canal extends from the Erie Canal at Waterford to Lake Champlain at Whitehall. It is formed by the canalized Hudson River from Waterford to Fort Edward, and an artificial channel from Fort Edward to Whitehall.

Seneca Lakes. This canal joins near Montezuma. The Cayuga branch extends southerly to the head of Cayuga Lake at Ithaca.

The Seneca branch extends from the junction at the foot of Cayuga Lake up the Seneca River to and through Seneca Lake to Watkins.

The Champlain Canal was opened for traffic in 1916. The Oswego Canal in 1917, and the complete route from Troy to Buffalo in 1918.

The total length of the canals is 525 miles. They are under the supervision of the Superintendent of Public Works, who acts through the Commissioner of Canals and Waterways.

The principal office is in the State Office Building, Albany, N. Y.; district offices in Albany, Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo and N. Y. City.

In the City of New York there are terminals as follows: Pier 6, East River; W. 53rd St., North River; Mott Haven; Gowanus Bay, Brooklyn; Greenpoint, Brooklyn. The terminal at Flushing has been turned over to the City of New York.

The Cayuga and Seneca Canal is formed by the
CARGO TRAFFIC, NET TONS, BOTH WAYS ON N. Y. STATE CANALS

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New York State Merchant Marine Academy

Source: An Official of the Institution

The New York State Merchant Marine Academy. originally founded as the New York Nautical School in 1875, provides comprehensive training for a career as an officer in the American merchant marine. The Academy is administered by The State Education Department, and has a Board of Visitors.

The course is three years in length, the new class entering July 15 each year. During the first academic term from July through April, all cadets pursue the same studies; namely, theoretical seamanship, practical seamanship, rules of road, navigation, signaling, hygiene, principles of marine engineering, mechanical drawing, English composition, review of high school mathematics, plane trigonometry and logarithms. During the first sea term from May through August, all cadets study applied seamanship, practical navigation, small boat handling and practical marine engineering. Upon the completion of this first year of study a cadet chooses the department in which he wishes to specialize, either the Deck Department or the Engineering Department. The secand and third year in the Academy the cadet specializes in the departmore advanced ment of his choice and takes

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of admission. He must be unmarried, a high school graduate, physically sound, of robust constitution and of good moral character. Classes enter the Academy once a year, on July, registration for which closes on June 30 of every year. Candidates who meet the requirements for entrance are given a physical examination similar to that given for entrance to the U. S. Naval Academy, after passing they must then take the competitive entrance examination, which is held in the first week of July.

The course covers a period of 3 years. Each cadet is required to deposit $250 on his own account with the Supply Officer to cover the cost of uniforms, equipment and text books. Cadets resident of the State of New York pay a Maintenance Fee of $300 per annum. Non-resident Cadets pay a Maintenance Fee of $750 per annum. In addition each Cadet is required to pay an Athletic Contribution of $5 per annum.

During the Academic Term, which extends from July through April, the Cadets live and attend classes at Fort Schuyler, The Bronx, N. Y., where the buildings housing the Academy are located on 52 acres of land. During the Sea Term, which extends from May through August, the Cadets live and attend classes on board the Training Ship Empire State, which makes a three months' cruise to foreign waters.

Information in detail may be obtained by writing The Secretary, Fort Schuyler, Bronx, N. Y.

The Saratoga Spa

Source: An Official of the Institution

By a revision of the law in 1937 the Saratoga Springs Commission acts as head of the Division of Saratoga Springs of the Conservation Department.

In 1933 the Saratoga Springs Authority was of created by Legislative Act for the purpose securing a loan from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to complete the present development of the Saratoga Spa. This Authority, whose Directors are the members of the Saratoga Springs in existence until the Commission, continues $3,200,000 of bonds issued by it are paid off. The Saratoga Springs Authority operates the State Reservation at Saratoga Springs under a lease from the Saratoga Springs Commission, executed at the time its bonds were purchased by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.

intestinal conditions, faulty metabolism and obesity. "Restoration cures" are offered for those who are not suffering from any organic disorder but have been under unusual physical or nervous strain. The Spa is situated on the Saratoga Springs Reservation, which embraces more than two square miles and its acquisition was begun by the State in 1910 for the safeguarding of the medicinal springs for which this region has been famous since 1773. These are the only naturally carbonated waters found in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.

Included in the facilities of the Saratoga Spa are 3 bath houses for administering natural mineral water baths and other treatments; halls for drinking the mineral waters; a bottling plant; a research department; a recreation centre for the therapeutic use of sports, with a swimming pool, golf course, and tennis courts; and 1300 acres of parks for the free use of cure patients, and of the

The Saratoga Spa is an institution for the treatment of chronic diseases. with specialized therapies for heart and circulatory conditions, arthritis and rheumatoid disorders, neuritis, gastro-public in general.

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