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in with another caravel under Pedro de Quexos, and together they sailed up the coast to the mouth of the Cape Fear River, where they landed (June 30, 1521) and claimed the country in the name of Ayllon and Spain. They also carried off many Indians into captivity to sell as slaves. Soon after this Ayllon went to Spain and (June, 1523) procured authority for colonizing the country. sent out two caravels (1525) under Pedro de Quexos for further exploration. On St. Helens Day he discovered the eastern point of an island protruding abruptly seaward and gave it the name of Punta de Santa Elena, a name which has survived in English form to this day in the adjacent St. Helena Sound and St. Helenas Parish. point itself is known today as Hilton Head on the lower coast of South Carolina. The following year Ayllon headed an expedition to make a settlement on the coast of what is now South Carolina. He planted his colony (Oct. 1526) about the bay now known as Winyah. But after a fearful winter the survivors of the colony returned to Cuba. The Spaniards made several later attempts to settle in South Carolina, but all miscarried.

The

A French Colony under Jean Ribaut built (1562) a little fort and left a garrison of a captain and 28 men on what is now Parris Island, Port Royal Harbor, but before he could return to them with supplies they had built a small ship and attempted to return to France. The Spaniards built (1566) a considerable fort and planted a strong garrison on the same little island. Ten years later this garrison was driven out by Indians, but Spain sent a stronger garrison back the next year and built a stronger fort and for ten years more a presidio flourished on the little island. Sir Francis Drake on the front and hostile Indians in the rear caused Spain (1587) to abandon this colony in what is now South Carolina. England did not take immediate charge of its partial conquest, but Charles I. granted (1629) to his attorney-general, Sir Robert Heath, all of the territory now embraced by the States of North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, but Sir Robert was unsuccessful in securing a colony for his new possession and eventually he was recorded as having abandoned it and (1563) Charles II. granted it to eight of his followers among the nobility of En

gland. They planted a permanent settlement near the present city of Charleston (1670) and development was rapid for the time.

Later another settlement was effected near the mouth of the Cape Fear River in what is now North Carolina. These two separate settlements developed into two separate provinces under the control of the Lords Proprietors. The people of the province of South Carolina held (1719) a convention and repudiated the government of the Lords Proprietors and petitioned the crown of England to take over control of the government. England promptly responded and established royal government in South Carolina. The British Parliament bought (1729) the fee of the Lords Proprietors in both provinces and established a royal government for North Carolina by taking the land to the west of the Savannah River and east of the Mississippi.

The people of South Carolina in convention (1774) expressed their sympathy for the people of Boston and the colony of Massachusetts Bay, denounced the conduct of the British Parliament and joined in the movement for the union of 13 Americans colonies or provinces to assert their rights as British subjects. As those rights were not rapidly forthcoming, South Carolina (March 26, 1776) set up an independent government headed by a president, vice-president, a set of State officers, a judiciary and a General Assembly.

South Carolina played an active part in achieving the independence of the United States. Its representatives in the Continental Congress, particularly Charles Pinckney, were vigorous in their efforts to bring about the convention of 1787, which framed the Constitution of the United States. Pinckney was one of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention, one of the leaders in debate on the proposed Constitution and the proposer of more than 30 of the provisions adopted into the Constitution. South Carolina was the eighth State to join the Union.

Seventy-two years later the people of South Carolina, in convention assembled, rescinded the ordinance which they had adopted (May 1783) and dissolved the bond which existed between this State and the other States of the Union (Dec. 20, 1860). That act led to the Civil War.

South Dakota is bounded on the north by North Dakota, on the east by Minnesota and Iowa, on the south by Nebraska, and on the west by Wyoming and Montana. Its climate is that of the temperate zone northern latitudes, cold in winter and pleasant in summer. The state is divided into two parts by the Missouri River. There are several minor drainage basins, feeding the larger rivers, with a succession of fertile valleys, highly productive. The standing forests include principally yellow pine and spruce.

The Black Hills are in the southwest. Harney Peak (7,240 feet) is the highest point east of the Rockies. The rest of the area is mostly rolling prairie, falling to lower levels in the northeast. Near the Black Hills in the southwest are the Bad Lands. Big Stone Lake (967 feet above sea level) is the lowest point. South Dakota was admitted to Statehood (1889) after 28 years as a part of the Dakota Territory.

Harney and Black Hills National Forests cover 1,134,167 acres, nearly surrounding Custer State Parly.

The chief crops are wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, flaxseed and the hardier fruits.

Manufacturing is confined chiefly to the making of butter and cheese, flour and grist milling. The State has large cattle and sheep ranches and sends about 600,000 hogs to market yearly.

Gold and silver are mined in quantities, in the Black Hills, and at Lead is one of the largest gold producing mines in the United States. Lead, copper, clays, building stones of various sorts and lignite are also found.

South Dakota has a large area in Indian reservations-the Rosebud, Cheyenne River, Pine Ridge, Crow Creek and the Lower Brule. The Indians engage in agriculture and livestock husbandry.

Mount Rushmore, in the Black Hills, has an altitude of 6.200 feet and a granite face (700 feet in height) which is the site of a national memorial to be sculptured from solid rock featuring

the heads of Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt.

There are seven institutions for higher education in the state, including the University of School of Mines in Rapid City and several normal South Dakota in Vermillon, as well as a State schools and a teachers' college.

The Black Hills Region of South Dakota. in which Wind Cave National Park is situated, has a fascinating story of earth-making to tell. The Bad Lands area tells through fossil remains a tale of prehistoric alligators, rhinoceroses, three-toed horses, and other long-extinct animals and of sculptured from masses of granite high up the a lofty needle" formation, which erosion has

forest-clad slopes of the Black Hills.

Wind Cave lies in the great Pahasapa limestone formation, which also contains several other large subterranean caverns. The facts about the discovery of the cave are little known, but it is generally believed that it was discovered (1881) by Tom Bingham, a Black Hills pioneer, while hunting deer. He was attracted by a strange whistling and after searching about in the undergrowth he discovered that it was caused by wind escaping through a small hole in some rocks. This hole, not more than 10 inches in diameter, is the only natural opening to the cave so far discovered. It is situated a few steps behind the present cave entrance.

The present cavern opening was made by digging down about six feet to a long, winding fissure,

or tunnel, leading into corridors and galleries decorated with a variety of crystal formations. These formations differ radically from those found in most caverns because stalactites and stalagmites are practically nonexistent in this cave. Here the formations are of the unusual boxwork and frostwork type. The boxwork is composed of delicately colored crystals arranged in honeycomb pattern. Tiny white crystals, sometimes superimposed on a pink background, hang in clusters from ceilings and ledges to form a frostwork decoration of rare beauty. The cavern is approximately ten miles in extent.

The eastern parts are in the Great Smoky Mountains, the surface sloping toward the west, first to an elevated tableland, then to the bottoms of the Mississippi River, which skirts the western border. It has the Tennessee River, which sweeps into Alabama from the northeast and returns to flow north through Tennessee and Kentucky into the Ohio.

The forests cover about 30,000 square miles, and yield half a billion ft. of lumber-oak, yellow pine, gum, yellow poplar, hemlock and chestnut.

The chief mineral product is coal. Others are iron-ore, copper, zinc, gold, silver, clay products, phosphate rock, sandstone, marble and limestone. Agriculture is an important industry. The leading crop is corn, followed by wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, sweet potatoes, peas, peanuts, cotton. The climate and soil are such as to permit a great diversity of crops.

The main higher educational institutions are the University of Chattanooga, University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Fisk University in Nashville (Negro); Vanderbilt University, Nashville; Cumberland University, Lebanon; University of the South, Sewanee; Maryville College, Maryville; George Peabody College for Teachers in Nashville, CarsonNewman College, Jefferson City and Scarritt College for Christian Workers.

ville was the capital and continued so until 1807, when the Seventh General Assembly met in Kingston, but adjourned to Knoxville after the first day. Knoxville remained the capital until 1812, when the Legislature met in Nashville for the first time. Nashville continued to be the capital until 1817, when the session of that year was held in Knoxville. Murfreesboro was the capital (18191825). Nashville has been the capital since the second session of the 16th assembly (Oct. 26, 1826).

Tennessee has at least three of the nation's outstanding wonders-Reelfoot Lake, the reservoir basin of the Mississippi River formed by an earthquake (1811); Lookout Mountain, a rock-faced promontory carved by the currents of the Tennessee River and overlooking Moccasin Bend, at Chattanooga; and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park which is about equally divided between North Carolina and Tennessee.

Other points of tourist interest include the Fall Creek Falls with a water-drop of 256 ft. (highest east of the Rockies); Rock House Creek Falls, 125 ft.; and Cove Creek Falls, 85 ft.-all in the Fall Creek Falls Recreational Area, 13 miles west of Pikeville.

Each year in November, Tellico Plains is the scene of one of America's most unusual sporting events. Here hunters gather with the hope of bagging one of the wild Prussian boars that roam the Tennessee Mountains in Cherokee National Forest. These ferocious tuskers are descendants of the wild boars from the Black Forest of northern Germany imported many years ago and now greatly multiplied.

North Carolina ceded to the United States (June, 1784) all of the territory which is now the State of Tennessee. This cession was not to take effect until Congress signifled its intention of accepting it within the space of two years. This cession on the part of the mother State excited great opposition on the part of the inhabitants of the new territory. The grounds of opposition were that North Carolina had made no provision for the government of her western territory and they feared that the United States would not do so. There was no proper judicial tribunal for the trial of felons, and there was no method for enforcing collection of taxes. Feeling that they were thrown upon their own resources, the people assumed the task of devising a government of their own. A convention was called to meet in Jonesboro (Aug. 23, 1784). John Sevier was elected president, and Landon Carter, secretary, of this convention. The State of Franklin (sometimes called Frankland) was the direct outgrowth of this movement. A constitution was adopted which differed decidedly from most of those then in existence in America. Among other strange provisions, neither lawyers, doctors, nor preachers were to be members of the Legislature. Sevier was elected Governor and David Campbell Judge of the Superior Court,

and Greeneville chosen as the seat of government. Taxes were allowed to be paid in articles of commerce in general use, such as beaver skins, bacon, sugar, etc. When the Governor of North Carolina heard what the people of the Western Country had done, he issued a manifesto, urging the people to return to their allegiance to the State of North Carolina. Governor Sevier undertook to refute the arguments of the Governor, and urged the people to stand firmly by the new State.

The last session of the Franklin Legislature met (Sept. 1787). The term of office of the legislators was about to expire and the authority of the State was so weak that no elections were held to fill their places. Sevier's term of office was also near its close. He was ineligible to re-election and there would be no Legislature to elect his successor. Thus, after a brief but stormy career of about three years, the State of Franklin ceased to be. Like a wayward child, she returned to her mother and was forgiven and received back into the fold. The end came (March, 1788) with the expiration of Sevier's term of office.

Sevier was arrested on a charge of treason, but was never brought to trial. The settlements along the Cumberland river in what is now Middle Tennessee, had no part in the rise and fall of the State of Franklin.

Texas, under the joint resolution of Congress for its annexation (approved March 1, 1845) may subdivide its area into any number not exceeding four additional states of convenient size having sufficient population, which shall be entitled to admission to the Union. This was approved by Texas and the State was admitted by joint resolution of Congress (approved Dec. 29, 1845).

The first flag to fly over Texas was the French under La Salle (1684) but after his murder (1687) the Spanish gradually assumed control over the territory. Mexico gained her independence from Spain (1821). Texas revolted from Mexico and became a republic (1836). Independence Day (March 2) in a State holiday.

In the western part it is mountainous, the "Staked Plains" lying in the northwest, a great prairie in the central portion, and a lower lying region nearer to the Gulf. Western Texas is mostly without forestation, but in the east formerly there was a large wooded area, now materially reduced The most southerly point in Texas is approximately in latitude 25° 51' N. and the most northerly point in latitude 36° 31' N. This difference in latitude is equivalent to approximately 735 miles. The most easterly point in Texas is approximately in longitude 93° 31' W., and the most westerly point is approximately 106° 39′ W. This difference of longitude for latitude 31° 30' N., which is approximately the mean latitude of the extreme points referred to, is equivalent to approximately 765 miles.

The peach is the leading fruit; others are apples, cantaloups, citrus fruits, dates, figs, strawberries. and blackberries.

Texas is easily the leading cotton-growing State. Other large crops are corn, wheat, oats, sorghum, potatoes, rice, tomatoes, peanuts, pecans, onions.

The Texas cotton crop is the most valuable crop grown in a single political subdivision in the world. The value of the average Texas cotton crop is almost as much as the total value of the production of the gold, silver, zinc, lead and copper mines of the United States. Approximately fifty crops are produced in Texas on a commercial scale: cotton represents about 53 per cent of the total crop value of the State. Cotton is produced in 223 Texas counties, leaving 31 non-cotton producing. Nueces usually leads all other counties. The all-time record is held by Williamson County, which produced 168,509 bales (1920). It has been estimated that 70 per cent of the population of Texas depends, directly or indirectly, upon cotton for a living. Cotton was growing wild in Texas, according to Cabeza de Vaca, who was shipwrecked on the Gulf Coast (1528). It was grown to a limited extent around the old Spanish missions, but real production did not begin until the American colonists began arriving.

Texas ranks as the leading State in the total number of head of domestic animals on farms and ranches, and high in the value of all live stock. Texas ranks first in the beef cattle industry, and first in the number of sheep and the average annual production of wool, in the number of mules, and is one of the leading States in the number of horses.

The petroleum output is huge, the State leading in that respect, and there is an immense yield of natural gas, coal and sulphur. Texas leads in production of helium, Amarillo being the chief source of that gas. There are also quantities of gypsum, granite, sandstone, limestone, silver and potash. Trees native to Texas are: ash, basswood, bay, beech, birch, bois d'Arc, catalpa, cats'-claw, cedar, cherry, chinquapin, corkwood, cottonwood, chinaberry, cypress, dogwood, elm, fir, gum, gum elastic, hackberry, hawthorn, hickory, holly, hop hornbean, huckleberry, ironwood, locust, maple, magnolia, mesquite, mimosa, mulberry, oak (50 species), pine (8 species), pecan (State tree), persimmon, planer tree (water elm), swamp privet, redbud, sycamore, Texas ebony, walnut, wild China (soapberry), willow, youpon, Mexican or wild plum. Galveston, Houston, and Beaumont-Port Arthur are leading ports.

The tallest highway bridge in the South-The Port Arthur-Orange Bridge-spans the Neches River on State Highway 87, six miles north of Port Arthur.

At the southern tip of the lower coastal belt of Texas is the "Magic Valley" of the Lower Rio Grande, where a man-made Paradise has been created by the diversion of the waters of the Rio Grande on the fertile delta soil under the subtropical sun. Between 300,000 and 400,000 acres are under intensive cultivation in two counties alone. A wide variety of winter and early spring vegetables are grown, and some of the best citrus fruits in the world are produced there.

The position, size and shape of Texas combine to give it a great diversity of weather conditions. The average annual temperature in the extreme southern part is 74 degrees, and in the North Panhandle it is 56 degrees, or a range from sub-tropical to middle temperature. The average temperature for the middle of the State is 65 degrees. Rainfall also varies greatly in the different sections of the State, but the annual average is 31 inches. The average annual snowfall in Romero, Texas, is 24 inches, while in the south, in Houston, the average is only .1 inch.

The "Panhandle" is the northern tip of Texas, and is so called because it appears on the map to be the handle of a giant pan.

About 20 missions were built in Texas (16901791) by Spaniards, for the double purpose of converting the savages and holding the territory for Spain. They were the first outposts of European civilization, and contributed materially to the conversion of Texas from a wilderness to a civilized country. The last one (established in 1791) was Refugio. The Alamo, San Jose. Concepcion and LaBahia are also standing in good condition, while only ruins are left of the others.

The sacred Alamo (founded in 1718) by the Franciscan monks, stands in the heart of the City of San Antonio. Within the gray stone walls of the chapel (March 6, 1836), 187 heroes gave their lives in defense of Texas liberty when they made their stand against Santa Anna and his 6,000 Mexicans, in a vain effort to prevent the Mexicans from invading Texas.

Among the institutions of higher learning, are the University of Texas in Austin; Agricultural and Mechanical College, College Station: State College for Women in Denton; Baylor University, Waco; Texas Christian University, Fort Worth:, Southern Methodist University, Dallas; Rice Institute, Houston; and Texas Technological College, Lubbock.

The most notable canyon is the Santa Helena on the Rio Grande in Brewster County. Its walls rise perpendicularly for 2,000 ft.

Sego Lily-Motto: Industry-Area, 84,916 sq. mi.; 550,310; rank, 41st.

For coloring and unusual erosional formations the canyon country of southwestern Utah and northern Arizona has no equal. The canyons themselves are stupendous in size and formation, and of brilliant hues. It is in this country that Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks and Cedar Breaks National Monument are situated. Zion National Park was, prior to its reservation, a national monument, called by the Indian name of the river, Mukuntuweap. The monument was enlarged (March 18, 1918) by President Wilson and the name changed to Zion. The new name is appropriate, for since early days its principal accessible feature has been called Zion Canyon by the Mormon settlers, who said the great mountains forming the canyon walls were in truth temples of God.

Cliff ruins have been discovered in Zion Park and its vicinity, proving that long before Little Zion gave sanctuary to the Mormons it was the home of a prehistoric people.

A large part of geologic history is revealed in the canyon walls of Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks. Just as Grand Canyon is the best known record of ancient geologic history, Zion Canyon records most clearly the events of medieval geological time, and Bryce reveals much of modern geologic history. The story of Zion begins where that of Grand Canyon ends, and ends where Bryce begins. The rocks exposed in these three national parks incorporate the records of a billion years.

The consolidated sedimentary rocks exposed within Zion and Bryce and in the region that lies between these national parks are assigned by the geologists to the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods of Mezozoic time ("middle age") and to the Eocene period of Tertiary time, Rocks of Permian age underlie the Triassic near the southwest border of Zion, and lavas, gravels, and lake beds overlie the Tertiary in several places. A study of these rocks shows that the geography, the plant life, and the animal life of each of these periods were unlike those of previous periods or of later periods; that

during the last 200,000,000 years the region comprising the parks has witnessed many changes in landscape and climate.

At times it was covered by the sea, at other times broad rivers traversed its surface, and at still other times it was swept by desert winds. Most of the rocks were laid down by water as gravel, sand, mud, and limy ooze. A long slope of shales, broken by many benches developed in hard beds, extends up

ward to the great cliff faces of West Temple and the Watchman. In front of Zion Lodge a slope of weak shales leads upward to a cliff of resistant sandstone above which a slope of shale extends to the vertical wall of Lady Mountain. In Bryce Canyon the rim road is on the highest tread of a giant rock stairway that, as viewed from Rainbow Point, leads downward in steps 30 to 400 ft. high to the flat lands 3,000 ft. below.

Vermont, New England's only inland State. is bounded on the north by Canada, on the east by New Hampshire, on the south by Massachusetts, and on the west by New York. The Green and Taconic Mountains run north and south through the State. Lake Champlain, which forms most of the western boundary, more than 100 miles long and in places 12 miles wide, is the largest body of fresh water east of the Great Lakes. The Green Mountains run north and south through the State. The boundary on the east was officially decided (1937) to run for 200 miles along the Connecticut River, the New Hampshire line extending to the original low water line on the west bank.

The climate is cool and the atmosphere dry. The summer season, between frosts, is from 110 to 160 days, according to location and altitude.

In the State there are more than 900 peaks with an altitude of 2,000 feet or more above sea level, and from Mt. Mansfield (4,393 feet), the highest, is an excellent view of the Green Mountain Range, with Lake Champlain (30 miles distant) clearly seen for much of its expanse. On clear days Mount Royal at Montreal (100 miles away) may be seen.

There are more than 300 lakes in Vermont. State Forests or Forest Parks cover about 56.000 acres and the National Forest will contain about 500,000 acres.

Hardly a town in the State is without its opportunities for skiing, snowshoeing, tobogganing and other winter sports.

Preeminently a dairy state, it is as well suited to diversified farming and fruit growing. Its ratio of dairy cows per capita is among the highest in the nation. Both in quantity and quality Vermont leads the maple-production states (nine) with a normal yield of about 40% of the production. The apple crop is of notable quality with more than 350,000 bearing trees in the orchards.

Marble and granite are the chief quarry products, the State ranking first in their production and second in the production of slate and talc; and is the leading producer of asbestos in the Union.

Vermont repealed its blue laws (Feb. 14, 1939). Under the new law cities and towns may decide by

ballot whether they want movies, lectures and concerts after 6 P.M. on the Sabbath, or baseball after 2 P.M. on that day.

From the earliest days attention has been given to primary education. The University of Vermont was chartered (1791). Other institutions for higher education (five) include Norwich University (1819), in Northfield, the oldest military college in the country next to the U. S. Military Academy at West Point; Bennington College, Bennington, and Middlebury College, Middlebury. There are also three normal schools and a junior college.

Vermont was claimed by both New York and New Hampshire and was called by some the New Hampshire Grants. Considerable feeling was aroused among the settlers by this controversy and a convention to discuss it was held (1765) in the Catamount Tavern in Bennington. The Green Mountain Boys, a force of militia, had come into existence the previous year and the romantic history of the early days of the state hinges on its activities.

When the Revolutionary War broke out and news of Lexington and Concord was received, many of these militiamen started at once and joined the Colonial forces around Boston. Those who remained at home joined the forces of Ethan Allen and (May 10, 1775) captured Fort Ticonderoga -a most important victory to the army of the Colonies. At a convention in Westminster (Jan. 1777) Vermont was declared an independent State and the name of New Connecticut was adopted. The following June the name was changed to Vermont., The Green Mountain Boys took part in the conflicts of the Revolution, the most notable battle being that at Bennington (Aug. 16, 1777). Bennington Monument, the tallest battle monument in the world (302 feet), commemorates the battle, the turning point of the Revolution.

Thomas Chittenden was elected Governor (March 3, 1778) in the first election under the Constitution. The first session of the Legislature was held (March 12, 1778). The State existed under its own government until its difficulties in regard to boundaries and sovereignty were solved. The State was admitted to the Union (March 4, 1791) being the first after the original thirteen. Montpelier was chosen as the capital (1805), and the first session of legislature was held there (1808).

The topography is varied. The Coastal Plain, known as the Tidewater, consists of low-lying lands intersected by numerous tidal estuaries and rivers. The central part is known as the Piedmont, which rises to the Blue Ridge Mountains. Between this range to the north and the Alleghenies lies the Shenandoah Valley, one of the finest farming regions in the country. South of the James River is Southside Virginia, a tobacco and cotton-raising section. Extending far to the west of the body of the state is Southwest Virginia, which includes mountains 5,720 feet in height and many fertile valleys in which herds of cattle graze. The climate varies, being generally warm in the Coastal Plain and much colder in the high lands of the west. In eastern Virginia snow is seldom seen and the winters are ordinarily mild.

Tidewater Virginia consists of four peninsulas averaging 70 miles in length. One of them is the

Eastern Shore, which juts down from Maryland between the Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay and consists of Accomac and Northampton counties, an early potato-growing section. The other three peninsulas are formed by the Potomac, Rappahannock, York and James Rivers; these are tidal streams to the head of navigation, which for the Potomac is Washington; for the Rappahannock, Fredericksburg; for the York, West Point; and for the James, Richmond. The peninsulas are seldom more than ten or 15 miles wide and together they give Virginia a shoreline of more than 1,000 miles.

Along the ocean front, Chesapeake Bay and the rivers there are many quiet summer resorts. The absence of rock along the coast and the shores of Chesapeake Bay has resulted in hundreds of miles of sand beaches ideal for bathing. The fishing is generally excellent in Chesapeake Bay and the rivers flowing into it as well as in the ocean off the Eastern Shore. Trout, spot, croaker, bass, rock, blue fish and many other species are found, while the channel bass fishing is fine.

At Virginia Beach, near Norfolk, which has become a much-frequented and fashionable resort with good hotels, there is surf bathing. At Ocean View and Buckroe Beach, on Chesapeake Bay, the bathing is sheltered. Colonial Beach on the Potomac River is another popular bathing resort while there are many minor ones. In addition to the