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of the Indian population still speaks Quechua or Aymara.

Military service is compulsory in event of war with two years in the active army between the ages of 18 and 20; between 20 and 29 in the active army reserve; between 29 and 39 in the national guard and between 39 and 45 in the territorial guard. The Army consists of approximately 10,000 men. The Navy is composed of two cruisers, two destroyers, four U. S. built submarines and gunboats and river craft. The Air Force has 140 planes. The Navy and Air Force are advised by U. S. missions.

The monetary unit is the sol with an average value of $.155. The budget (1940-1941) is estimated to balance at 279,375,300 sols.

Poland

(RZECZPOSPOLITA POLSKA)

Captial, Warsaw-Area, 150,470 square Poland, a kingdom whose history dates from 966, and a great power from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century, in four partitions (1772, 1793, 1795 and 1939) was apportioned among Prussia, Russia and Austria and Germany and Russia. Overrun by the Austro-German armies in the World War its independence (self-declared on Nov. 9, 1918) was recognized by the Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919) by the Council of Ambassadors' orders under it and by the Treaty of Riga. The territory detached from Prussia and returned aggregated 6,973 square miles and included Pomorze, the Polish Corridor, and, by plebiscite, Upper Silesia; from Russia, 101,196 square miles; and from Austria, 30.914 square miles. When Polish Gen. Zeligoroski seized Vilna (Wilno) the old capital of Lithuania with its surrounding territory by a raid in (October, 1920) the Council of Ambassadors finally handed it over to Poland (March 15, 1923). This added 11,140 square miles. Poland annexed from Czecho-Slovakia (1938) 419 square miles with a population of 241,698.

Poland is bounded on the north by Germany, the Baltic Sea, Danzig, East Prussia, Lithuania and Latvia; on the east by Soviet Russia, on the south by Rumania, Czecho-Slovakia and Germany, and on the west by Germany.

Access to Free City of Danzig (Gdanski), formerly of the German Empire. as a port on the Baltic Sea, was granted by the Treaty of Versailles. and Danzig was brought (1922) within the Polish customs frontier.

Sixty-five per cent. of the population engages in agriculture. There are approximately 44,478,000 acres arable; 13,000,000 pastures; 22,153,000 forests; uses. The chief 9,000,000 gardens and other crops are wheat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes, sugar beets, flax, hemp, hops and chicory. Forests cover 23% of the country and contain Scotch pine, spruce, fir, larch; deciduous trees, beech, oak, alder, birch, elm, aspen, and others. working industries are important.

Wood

Poland possesses great mineral wealth, particularly coal, besides iron, lignite, petroleum, natural gas, salt, potassium salts and zinc.

Germany and Russia invaded and conquered Poland (Sept. 1-27, 1939). A treaty of partition (the fourth partition of Poland) was signed by Germany and the U. S. S. R. (Sept. 29) by which It is esthey divided the country between each. timated that Germany received 72,500 square miles

miles-Population (Jan. 1, 1939) 34,775,698

with a population of approximately 22,500,000-all the territory ceded to Poland by the Treaty of Versailles. To the U. S. S. R. went some 78,000 square miles of territory with a population of 12,775,000. The territory gained by Russia comprised portions of White Russia and the Western Ukraine, all of which was annexed by the U. S. S. R.

Poland and Russia signed an agreement, in London (July 30, 1941) abrogating the GermanRussian accord partitioning Poland.

Silesia, one of the countries returned to Germany, was divided (1941) into two provinces, Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia. The population of the two provinces (1941) was estimated at 7,500,000. Kattowitz is the seat of government of Upper Silesia, which includes the districts of Kattowitz and Oppeln.

Breslau is the seat of Lower Silesia,

which includes the districts of Breslau and Liegnitz. About one-third of the German-occupied area of Poland has been incorporated into the Reich as the districts of Danzig-West Prussia and Warthe. The rest of German-occupied Poland was made a "Governor-Generalcy". Dr. Hans Frank is the German Governor-General.

The German Government expropriated (1940) all landed estates. The section awarded to the U. S. S. R., with Warsaw as the capital, was occupied by the Germans (1941) in the war between Russia and the German Reich.

A Government-in-Exile was formed by Poles in Paris (Sept. 30, 1939) with Wladyslaw Raczkiewicz as President and Wladyslaw Sikorski as Premier. The new Government moved to Bordeaux with the French (June 14, 1940) and later estabItshed itself in London. Poland participated for the first time (April 23) in the deliberations of the Allied Supreme War Council. The Poles have formed a Polish Legion attached and fighting with the Allies against the Axis Powers. A military agreement of cooperation was signed between Great Britain and Poland (Aug. 5).

and Lublin.

Education was free and compulsory in the Polish There were universities in Warsaw, Republic. Lwow, Cracow, Posnan (Posen), Wilno (Vilna), The Polish Census (1931) reported 20,670,100 (64.8 per cent) Catholics; 3,336,200 (10.4 per cent) Greek Catholics; 3,762,500 (11.8 per cent) Orthodox; 3,113,900 (9.8 per cent) Jews: 835,200 (2.6 per cent) Protestants and other religions, 197,900 (.6 per cent).

Portugal

(REPUBLICA PORTUGUESA)

Capital, Lisbon-Area, 35,490 square miles-Population (est. 1939), 7,460,195 Portugal occupies the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, being bounded on the north and east by Spain and on the south and west by the Atlantic Ocean. The Azores and Madeira Islands, in the North Atlantic, are politically an integral part of the republic. The country is mountainous. About Vineyards one-third of the land is cultivated. abound, and wines, olive oil and fruit are largely produced. Wine-making is the chief industry. Forests of pine, oak, cork and chestnut cover 19% of the country, and cork, of which the average annual production is 140,000 metric tons, is the second largest industry. Portugal has much mineral wealth (including coal, pyrites, lead, copper, tin, wolfram, kaolin, sulphur, lithium, titanium), which is undeveloped because of a scarcity of electric power and transportation. The sardine fisheries are important. Hides and wool are exported.

drove King Manoel II, from the throne and a republic was proclaimed.

The new constitution (1934) replacing one adopted by plebiscite (1933) provides some features of "Corporative State." At the election (Dec. 16, 1934) only one list of candidates selected by Government committees was presented. Republicans and Socialists abstained. Two assemblies of 90 members each were chosen-the first, the National Assembly, to exercise legislative and financial powers. by direct election by heads of families regardless of sex; the second, the Corporative Chamber, chosen through a system of guild or The Corporative Chamsyndical representation.

Portugal, an independent state since the twelfth century, was a kingdom until a revolution (1910)

ber deals with economic and social matters, and reviews some legislation. The Assembly may override a Presidential veto by a two-thirds vote.

A Council of National Defense was created and a Council of the Colonial Empire to co-ordinate activities. The President has a Council of State to advise him, consisting of the Premier, the

minor craft. There is a navy flying service with 24 planes (Dec., 1938). The navy personnel is 6,250 officers and men.

Presidents of the National Assembly and the Su- | gunboats, six destroyers, three submarines, and preme Court, the Procurator General, the VicePresident of the Supreme Council of Public Administration and five life members named by the President.

The President is General Antonio Oscar de Fragoso Carmona; (elected Nov. 29, 1926) (re-elected March 25, 1928) and (Feb. 17, 1935) for a 7 year term.

Suffrage is extended to males and females with certain educational or tax payment qualifications. Military service is compulsory between the ages of 17 to 45. The total peace time strength (July, 1939) was 2,551 officers and 26,424 in other ranks. The navy consists of seven escort vessels, seven

PORTUGUESE Portuguese India includes Goa (capital, Nova Goa or Pangin), on the Malabar coast; Damao, near Bombay; and Diu, a small island 140 miles from Damao. There is a total area of 1537 square miles and a population of 601,000. Salt is produced in Goa and Damao, and manganese near Mormugao, where there are 200 mines. Other exports are cocoanuts, fish, spices, caju-nuts, and copra.

Macao, China, with an area of six square miles, is on an island of the same name at the mouth of the Canton River. It has 200,000 population, 4,000 of which are Portuguese; the rest Chinese.

Portuguese Timor is the eastern part of the Malay Island of that name, off the north coast of Australia, Holland having the western part. The area is 7,330 square miles and the population (1936) was 463,796. Exports are coffee, sandalwood, sandal root, copra and wax.

The Cape Verde Islands in the North Atlantic, longitude 25°, latitude 15°, are 15 in number. The total area is 1,557 square miles and the population (1936) 162,055, of which about 6,318 are white. Chief products are coffee, medicinal products. hides, fruit and grain.

Portuguese Guinea, on the coast of Senegambia, (chief port, Bissau) has an area of 13.944 square miles and a population (1938) of 415,220. Chief exports are rubber, wax, oils, ivory and hides.

The Islands of San Tome (population, 1936, 52,100) and Principe (population, 6,900), about 125 miles off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea, form a province under a Governor. The islands have an area of 384 square miles. Chief products are cacao, coffee, rubber and cinchona. Angola, Portuguese West Africa, has a 1,000-mile

The dominant religion is Roman Catholic; there is freedom of worship. There are three universities.

The monetary unit is the escudo with an average value of $.04. Government revenue (1941) is estimated at 2,783,700,000 escudos with expenditures of 2,783,200,000.

The area of the Azores is 922 square miles with a population (1930) of 232,012. The area of the Madeira Islands is 314 square miles with a population (1930) of 211,610.

POSSESSIONS

coast line stretching south from the mouth of the
Congo. It is governed by a High Commissioner,
with large powers. The Portuguese have owned it
since 1575. Its area is 481,226 square miles.
The capital was moved (1928) from unhealthy
Loanda where it had been for 350 years to Nova
Lisboa, nearly a mile above sea level and 225 miles
inland on the railway.

The native population numbered (1936) 3,484,300 and there are about 59,000 Europeans.

Chief products are coffee, rubber, wax, sugar, oil seeds, cocoanuts, ivory, cattle, fish, tobacco for local use, cotton, petroleum and asphalt. Diamonds are mined and exported principally to Belgium. There are large deposits of malachite copper, iron and salt, and gold has been found. Portugal supplies from 45% to 50% of the imports.

The unit of currency is the angolar, which equals one escudo; a thousand are known as a conto. The budget (1939) balanced at 255,990,232 angolars.

Mozambique, Portuguese East Africa, extends from Cape Delgado (10' 40' south latitude) to the Union of South Africa. To the west lies the Union of South Africa and Rhodesia (British). On the north is Tanganyika, formerly German East Africa, but surrendered to the British (November, 1919). More than 400 square miles of that territory, the Kionga Triangle, was transferred to Mozambique

(1919)

Mozambique has 297,654 square miles, and a population (1936) of 4,995,750, of which 120,750 were Europeans. The capital is Lourenco Marques. The budget (1939) balanced at 589,383,545 escudos. Chief products are sugar, cocoanuts, and beeswax. Coal deposits exist. It has vast natural resources practically untouched.

Rumania

ROMANIA

Capital, Bucharest-Area, 75,400 square miles-Population (1940) 14,098,850 Rumania, whose history began in 101 A.D. with the Roman colonization of the Dacian Kingdom, was formed by the union (Jan. 24, 1859) of the principalities of Wallachia (Muntenia) and Moldavia; proclaimed her independence (May 10, 1877) during the Russo-Turkish War from Turkish suzerainty, acknowledged through mutual assistance pacts in the 16th century, and by the Treaty of Berlin (1878) lost for the second time Bessarabia to Russia, receiving in compensation Dobrudja from Turkey. The World War, which she entered on the side of the Allies (Aug. 28, 1916), resulted in the return of Bessarabia, the addition of Transylvania with part of the Banat of Timisoara, the Crisana and Maramures from Hungary (which the latter held from Austria since 1867), and the restoration of Bukowina lost to Austria in 1775. Bessarabia (17,325 sq. mi.) and Northern Bukowina (2,035 sq. mi.), with a combined population of 3,748,063, of whom 52.4% are Rumanians and 10.5% Russians, were occupied by the U. S. S. R. armies following an ultimatum (June, 1940). Rumania returned to Bulgaria (1940) the two Southern Dobrudja counties won by the Treaty of Bucharest (1913) with an area of some 3,000 sq. mi., and a population (1930) of 408,900. By the German-Italian arbitration decision of Vienna (Aug. 30, 1940), Rumania lost to Hungary the entire Transylvanian counties of Salaj, Satu Mare, Maramures, Nassaud, Ciuc and Trei Scaune, with parts of five other districts, area 17,300 sq. mi., population 2,395,153, of whom 50.2% are Rumanians and 37.1% Hungarians.

Rumanian territory. The Carpathian mountains extend southward from Bukowina to Buzau, thence westward to Orsova on the Danube.

According to the Constitution (Feb. 27, 1938) the Government is vested in a King, a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. The King of Rumania is Michael I (born Oct. 25. 1921), only son of exKing Carol II, who abdicated (Sept. 6, 1940), and of Princess (now Queen-Mother) Helen of Greece. Under the Constitution all citizens, irrespective of race or creed, are equal before the law. Rumanian may undermine the established Government, advocate the seizure of personal property and exemption from taxation, or foment class struggle. Political propaganda through the churches is also prohibited. Freedom of thought, education, press and peaceful assembly is guaranteed to all.

Rumania is bounded on the north by the U. S. S. R., on the east by the Ukraine and the Black Sea, on the south by Bulgaria, and on the west by Yugoslavia and Hungary. For 243 miles the Danube forms her southern boundary; for 190 miles. from Calarasi to the Black Sea. it flows through

No

Qualified citizens, male and female, over 30 years old, elect every six years by secret ballot a Chamber of Deputies as popular representatives of agriculture and labor, commerce and industry, and the professions. Nine-year term membership in the Senate is half elective, half appointive, among the appointed members being the royal family, the Patriarch and diocesan bishops of the State Orthodox Church, heads of other creeds with at least 200,000 communicants and former high State dignítaries. The judiciary, headed by a High Court of Cassation and Justice, are non-removable.

The government of Octavian Goga (Dec. 29, 1937-Feb. 11, 1938) followed the liberal Tatarescu cabinet that failed to obtain a parliamentary majority in the elections (Dec. 20, 1937). Gogo in turn was succeeded by Patriarch Dr. Miron Christea, upon whose death (March 7, 1939) VicePremier Armand Calinescu became Prime Minister. Calinescu, who insisted on neutrality in the war between Germany and Poland, was assassinated by a youthful band of Iron Guardists, a German sympathizing political organization, and was suc

ceeded by Gen. George Argesanu, who resigned (Sept. 28) his place to Constantin Argetoianu, an industrialist, president of the Senate and royal counsellor. George Tatarescu, liberal ex-Premier and ambassador to Paris, succeeded Argetoianu (Nov. 24, 1939). Under his government, which renounced the British guarantee of national integrity as a gesture of neutrality in the war, Bessarabia and Northern Bukowina were lost to Russia. Tatarescu resigned (July 4), and King Carol appointed a rightist cabinet headed by John Gigurtu, former Commerce and Industry minister. Gigurtu embarked upon a course of totalitarian rule, declared the Army was the first care of the State and gave agriculture and industry a new organization aimed to intensify production. negotiated with Hungary the rectification of Rumania's western boundary, the breakdown of which resulted in the arbitration decision of the Axis powers decreeing the dismemberment of Transylvania (Aug. 30, 1940). The Gigurtu cabinet resigned Sept. 5, 1940), and King Carol II named Gen. Ion Antonescu Prime Minister. Simultaneously a decree dissolved parliament and gave Gen. Antonescu supreme authority to rule over Rumania. The following day King Carol abdicated in favor of his son, Grand Voyvode Michael, who became King Michael I.

He

Gen. Antonescu created a totalitarian State (Sept. 15) with himself as Chief of State, Premier, and Minister of National Defense, which merged the portfolios of Minister of Munitions, Aviation, Navy and War, and (Nov. 1940) adhered on behalf of Rumania to the tripartite pact among Germany, Italy and Japan.

The Iron Guard was proclaimed the sole political party and four of its chieftains taken into the cabinet. The Guard staged (Jan. 20, 1941) an unsuccessful coup to eliminate Gen. Antonescu and the other non-Guard cabinet members in an effort to seize control of the economic departments, as a result of which it was officially suppressed and the members condemned to prison. The government was reorganized with Gen. Antonescu as Premier and Foreign Minister, and leading generals in key cabinet posts. A plebiscite (March, 1941) gave overwhelming approval to the government's program of spiritual and economic rehabilitation aiming at the recovery of the Rumanian population lost to foreign rule (1940). Rumania took action (June 22, 1941) to reoccupy Northern Bukowina and Bessarabia, whose loss to Russia had not been recognized. All this territory was re

gained (1941) in the Axis fight against Russia in which Rumania participated.

The soil of Rumania is fertile. Four-fifths of the population engage in agriculture and stock-raising. The most important agricultural products are wheat, corn, rye, barley and oats, the aggregate output of which was 7,287,610 metric tons (19391940), a subnormal year. Vineyards and orchards are plentiful. The country yields salt, petroleum, natural gas, lignite, gold, iron, copper, zinc and pyrites. Flour milling, brewing and distilling are important industries.

Under the land reform initiated by King Ferdinand (1918), over 15,000,000 acres were expropriated in favor of the peasantry. In Wallachia and Moldavia 1,000,000 farmers; in Transylvania, 540,000; in wooded Bukovina 55,000 and in Bessarabia 557,016 received land by 1929, with the result that today Rumania is a country of small farms, only 27.7% of the country's area representing holdings of more than 100 hectares (247 acres) each. Of the forests, some 7,390,000 were State property (1938), of which 2,194,000 acres under direct Government management, and 5,196,000 managed by private companies under Government grant and supervision. Public institutions owned 3,301,000 acres and over 7,500,000 acres were in private hands. The Agriculture Ministry estimated (1938) the value of Rumania's forests at $347.420,000, that of tillable land at $412,650,000, and of livestock at $496,000,000. Fisheries yield $121,950,000 annually.

Primary education is free and obligatory. There were (1935) 2,041 kindergartens, 15,344 public schools, 756 secondary schools and universities and polytechnical schools in the capitals of the provinces, Bucharest, Jassy, Cluj, Chisinau, Cernauti and Timisoara, all under the Ministry of Education; in addition there were 1,423 primary and 218 secondary private schools.

Military service is universal and compulsory from the ages of 21 to 50.

Liberty of worship is assured. Orthodox clergy are paid by the State, other clergy being subventioned. Jews are organized by communities which are placed under special laws.

Ordinary Government revenue (1939-1940) exceeded actual expenditure by 10.5%; current estimates balance revenue and expenditure at 44,870,000,000 lei (official buying and selling rates in effect April 1, 1941) are respectively 187.60 and 195.00 lei to the dollar). Current national defense revenue is estimated at 16,000 million lei.

Salvador

The

(REPUBLICA de EL SALVADOR) Capital, San Salvador-Area, 13,176 square miles-Population (1940) 1,744,535 Salvador lies along the Pacific Ocean with Honduras as its northeast boundary, and Guatemala on the northwest. Its coast line is 160 miles long and its average breadth 60 miles. Along the sea is a narrow, low alluvial plain, and the interior is a plateau about 2,000 ft. above sea level, containing a number of volcanic cones. Earthquakes are frequent. The country has luxuriant forests and abundant mineral deposits, which are undeveloped. Mestizos and Indians form two-thirds of the population.

Under the Constitution (1924) a President for four years and single chamber of 70 deputies for a year are elected by universal suffrage. President is Gen. Maximiliano Martinez, appointed (Dec. 4, 1931) and confirmed by Congress (Feb. 7. 1932) and elected (Jan. 13-16, 1935) for a four-year term. He was re-elected (Jan. 21, 1939) for a sixyear term. The dominant religion is Roman Catholic. The language is Spanish.

Salvador is a one-crop country. Its prosperity depends upon the sale of its coffee, which has a high reputation. About 265,000 acres are devoted to coffee. Coffee forms 96% in value of all the exports. The United States takes 62% of the exports and supplies 47% of the imports. Henequen and balsam are also exported.

Military service is compulsory from 18 to 50 in

case of war.

Education is free and compulsory.

A three-power agreement pledging the Governments of Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras to a common policy in matters of general concern in Central America was signed (May, 1927).

The budget (1941) estimates revenues at 22,047,000 colones and expenditures at 22,044,000. The value of the colone is $2.50.

San Marino

Area, 38 square miles-Population (Sept. 1939), 14,545 San Marino, situated in the Apennines near Rimini, in the heart of Italy, claims to be the oldest State in Europe and to have been founded in the fourth century. A treaty of friendship with the Kingdom of Italy (June, 1897) was revised (1908) and (1914). It has extradition treaties with the United States, Great Britain, Belgium and Holland. Agriculture and stock raising are practically the only industries. Chief exports are wine, cattle and building stone.

San Marino is governed by a Great Council of

60 members elected by popular vote, two of whom
are chosen to exercise executive power for a term
of six months. The militia consists of all able
bodied persons between the ages of 16 and 55.
with the exception of teachers and students.
Revenue and expenditure (1939-1940) balanced at
6,009,919 lire. There is no public debt. It has its
own coinage and postage stamps, but Italian and
Vatican City currency are in general use.
San Marino is reached by carriage or motor from
Rimini, 15 miles away.
miles long, was completed (1932).
An electric railway, 20

Anglo-Egyptian Soudan

Capital, Khartoum-Area, 969,600 square miles-Population (latest estimate), 6,342,477 The Soudan is bounded by Libya and Egypt on east, Uganda (British) and the Belgian Congo on the north, the line being the 22° north latitude: the the south, and French Equatorial Africa and Libya Red Sea and Eritrea (Italian) and Ethiopia on the on the west.

Its greatest length north and south is 1,650 miles, and its greatest breadth east and west is 900 miles. The northern zone consists of the Libyan desert. on the west, and the mountainous Arabian desert, extending to the Red Sea on the east, separated by the narrow valley of the Nile; the central zone has large areas of fertility, including the rainlands of Kassala and Tokar, the Gezira plain and the pastures and gum forests of Kordofan; and the southern equatorial belt where the soil is richest and watered by tropical rains.

It is the principal source of the world's supply of gum arabic. Cotton is grown extensively. Other important products are sesame, senna leaves and pods, ground-nuts, dates, hides and skins, mahogany, dom nuts (vegetable ivory) chillies, semn (ghee), melon-seed. beans, corn, trochus and mother of pearl shell, shea nuts, salt, ivory and gold. The staple food of the inhabitants is dura (great millet).

The White Nile flows north through the middle of the country; the Blue Nile, rising in the mountains of Ethiopia. flows northwest to its junction at Khartoum with the White Nile to make the Nile that flows on in a huge S curve to enter Egypt at Wadi Haifa. Khartoum is 1,345 miles south of Cairo, and 1,255 ft. above sea level. Formerly a hot bed of malaria, modern sanitation has eliminated the mosquito.

The population estimated at 9,000,000 (1884) decreased to 2,000,000 under Dervish misrule through

war, famine and disease. The inhabitants are partly Arabs, partly Negroes and partly Nubians of mixed Arab and Negro blood; the Arabs and Nubians are Mohammedans. The Mahdist rebellion (1884), culminating in the fall of Khartoum and the death of Gen. Gordon (Jan. 26, 1885). forced the Egyptian Government to withdraw from the Soudan, retaining only Wadi Halfa on the Nile and Suakin on the Red Sea as frontier ports. The Dervishes were overthrown by Lord Kitchener with the Anglo-Egyptian army at Omdurman (Sept. 2, 1898). On the reconquest of the Soudan an agreement was signed (Jan. 19, 1899) between Evpt and Great Britain, which fixed the boundary, provided for the administration of the territory by a Governor General appointed by Egypt with the consent of Great Britain (aided since 19:0 by a council) who should make laws by proclamation, and providing that the British and Egyptian flags should fly together.

Soudan has its own defensive force with a few Egyptian soldiers.

While Egypt claims the Soudan as an integra part, the British Government has officially announced as a fixed policy that Great Britain will never abandon the Soudan or tolerate any attempt to disturb the administration.

The monetary unit is the Egyptian pound, with an average value of $4.54. Governmental revenue (1938) was £E5,131,635 expenditures were £E4,857,784.

Spain

(ESPANA)

The

Capital Madrid-Area, 196,607 square miles-Population (est. April 26, 1940), 26,000,000 Spain is bounded on the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean, on the north by the Atlantic and by France, on the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea, the British fortified station Gibraltar being at the southernmost tip, guarding the entrance to the Mediterranean from the Atlantic. The Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean (capital, Palma; area, 1,935 square miles; population, 368.173) and the Canary Islands (area, 2.807 square miles; population, 564,873), in the Atlantic, are provinces of Spain; Ceuta, a fortified post in Africa, opposite Gibraltar (area, five square miles; population, 39,510), is part of the Province

to the Franco government (April 1, 1939). Government placed (Feb. 1, 1941) the responsibility for feeding their workers on the key industrial and mine owners. The Ministry of Labor issued an

order that any factory or mine that he designates must establish company stores to supply employes with necessaries.

of Cadiz.

Spain occupies the entire Iberian peninsula with the exception of Portugal. The lofty Pyrenees separate it from France. The interior is a high inclosed plateau traversed east and west by mountain range and deficient in rainfall.

The productive land of Spain comprises nearly 114,000,000 acres, about 90% of the total area, but only about 56.000.000 acres are under cultivation, while 60,000.00 acres are pastures and mountains.

The Spanish republic was established (1931) when, following the overwhelming victory of the Republicans in the municipal elections, Alfonso XIII, King of Spain from his birth (May 17, 1886), and Queen Victoria, with the Royal family, went into exile (April 14). A self-formed provisional government headed by Niceto Alcala Zamora carried on. A Cortes, the first in eight years, was elected (June 28) and formed itself into a Constituent Assembly with members elected by universal suffrage for four years. Zamora was elected President for six years, and a constitution adopted (Dec. 9) under which Church and State were separated, Church property confiscated, education made entirely secular, provision made for the division of the large estates among the peasants and other socialistic plans made possible. (See The World Almanac for 1936, pages 697-98.

President Zamora dissolved the Cortes, and to the new one elected (Feb. 16, 1936) were returned Left parties, 263; Center, 62; Right, 148; giving the Leftist (the Popular Front) a clear majority. The Cortes at once removed Zamora from the presidency for violation of the Constitution in dissolving the previous Cortes, and (May 11,) Manuel Azana, the Premier, was elected President for a six-year term. Santiago Casares Quiroga formed a Leftist Cabinet without participation of the Extremists.

A counter revolution broke out (July 19, 1936) of the political elements opposed to the Popular Front. The Nationalists set up a Government at Burgos under the leadership of General Francisco Franco (born Dec. 14, 1892, in El Ferrol).

The

civil war continued until the surrender of Madrid (March 28, 1939). Azana had resigned as president (Feb. 27, 1939), the day that Great Britain and France recognized Franco, and fled to France. The United States formally accorded recognition

The first meeting after the civil war of the Grand Council of the Falange Espanola Tradicionalista, which under the Spanish totalitarian system replaced the Parliament, opened in Burgos (June 5, 1939) under the presidency of Gen. Franco to legislate for the peace time organization of the country. Spain announced a 12-year reconstruction program costing $516,000,000 and a law for the compulsory service of all males between 18 and 50 for reconstruction was approved by the cabinet. They must work 15 days a year for the State or pay the equivalent in wages.

General Franco announced (Aug. 10, 1939) his new cabinet with himself as Leader (Caudillo) of the Empire. Chief of State, Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Prime Minister, Minister of the Interior and Head of the Military Directorate.

The new cabinet replaced the civil war government, established Jan. 1, 1938, which in turn succeeded the junta of five generals that conducted the Nationalist Government during the first eighteen months of the conflict. General Franco assumed the power in cases of urgency to issue decrees with the force of law without a vote of the Council of Ministers.

Under the Republican Constitution Spain had no State religion, although a vast majority of the population is Catholic. The Franco Government has reestablished Catholicism as the State religion, religious bodies have recovered their legal status and confiscated property has been returned. Primary education is compulsory and free and religious teaching has been returned to its former status.

The Army was reorganized (1939) and is composed of ten army corps, not counting the forces in the Balearic and Canary Islands. Service is compulsory for two years. A Ministry of the Air. separate from the War Ministry and having full control of all aviation, whether civilian or military. was created (1939). The Navy consists of approximately 50 boats, including destroyers, torpedo boats, gunboats, submarines and miscellaneous craft.

The Merchant Marine consisted (Jan. 1, 1940) of 923 vessels with a gross tonnage of 1,074,845. The principal agricultural products of Spain are wheat, barley, oats, rye, olives, grapes, lemons, oranges and other fruit, onions, almonds, esparto, flax, hemp, pulse and cork. Wine-making is important. Spain possesses an abundance of minerals. Iron is mined in the provinces of Viscaya, Santander, Oviedo, Navarra, Huelva, and Seville; copper in the provinces of Sevilla, Cordoba and Huelva; coal in Oviedo, Leon, Gerona, Valencia and Cor

8

Foreign Countries-Spain; Sweden

ba; zinc in Santander, Murcia, Guipuzcoa, and caya; cobalt in Oviedo; lead in Murcia, Jaen and meria; manganese in Oviedo, Huelva and Seville; icksilver in Ciudad Real and Oviedo; silver in adalajara; sulphate and soda in Burgos; sulnur in Murcia and Almeria; phosphates in Caces and Huelva.

All railroads were placed under government wnership and operation (Feb. 1, 1941) in an effort o solve the country's transport tangle. Narrow auge and mining railroads were not affected.

SPANISH The colonies of Spain are now relatively unimortant, in sharp contrast with those which she eld in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth enturies. The Guinean lands in Africa (area 0,036 square miles; population 140,000) are undeeloped, and small values are taken therefrom. All gures are mere estimates.

Spain has given France the right of pre-emption in case of the sale of any of these African colonies or the adjacent Islands.

The chief ports are Barcelona, Pasajes, Bilbao and Cadiz.

The budget (1941) is estimated to balance at 7,000,000,000 pesetas. The budget (1940) was the 000,000 lire (approximately $270,000,000 at the same. Italy billed Spain (Feb. 27, 1941) for 5,500,official Italian exchange rate) for aid given to Generalissimo Franco in the civil war. This is to ing at one-fourth of one per cent and ending at be paid off in 25 years. Interest is graduated start4 per cent.

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Morocco, over a part of which (area, 18,350
a protectorate and where she has suffered severe
(See
square miles; population, 750,000) Spain exercises
military setbacks, is less developed than the French
Algerian and other African possessions.
Oro and Adrar (area, 109,200 square miles; white
Morocco.) Other Spanish possessions are Rio de
population, 840); Ifni (965 square miles and 20,000
(795 square miles and 23,846 population).
population); Fernando Po and others near Guinea

Sweden
(SVERIGE)

Capital, Stockholm-Area, 173,347 square miles-Population (Jan. 1, 1940), 6,341,303 Sweden occupies the eastern and largest part of the Scandinavian peninsula in northwest Europe. A mountain range separates it from Norway on the The Baltic Sea west, and the Gulf of Bothnia and the Tornea River from Finland on the east. separates it from the Baltic states and Germany on the southeast and south and the Cattegat from Denmark on the southwest. The mountain range between Norway and Sweden is frequently referred to as the Kjolen mountain, but such a mountain does not exist geographically, but is merely a name used exclusively in certain expressions to indicate the dividing line between the two countries.

The Government is a constitutional monarchy. The Legislature has two Chambers, the first of 150 members and the second of 230 members. Suffrage is universal for all over twenty-four years of age of both sexes.

The King of Sweden is Gustav V. (born June 16, 1858), succeeded on the death of his father, Oscar II (Dec. 8, 1907). He married (Sept. 20, 1881) Princess Victoria, daughter of Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden (died in Rome, April 4, 1930). The Crown Prince Gustav Adolf (born Nov. 11, 1882) married (June 15, 1905) Princess Margaret (died May 1, 1920), daughter of the Duke of Connaught and granddaughter of Queen Victoria. He has four sons and one daughter by his first marriage. His second wife, Lady Louise Mountbatten, he married (Nov. 3, 1923).

The Government is composed of five Social-
Democrats, two Agrarians, three Conservatives, two
Liberals and three non-Partisan Ministers. Prime
Minister is Per Albin Hansson, Social-Democrat
(born Oct. 28, 1885).

Lakes and rivers are more numerous in Sweden
than in any other European country except Finland.
The Government's hydro-electric plant, Porjus.
in Lappland many miles north of the Arctic Circle,
the center of a vast iron mining section, has a
more than 18
capacity of 105 thousand HP. The water power
resources of the country are
million HP.

The importance of the electric power is shown
by the fact that the electrification of Swedish
railway trackage is 50 per cent complete and the
railroads now electrified bear 90 per cent of the
total railroad traffic. As to other means of trans-
portation, Sweden had, before the war, about
230,000 motor cars, trucks, buses, etc. The block-
ade, however, has cut off practically all imports
As substitute cars with charcoal
of gasoline.
burners are used; more than 50,000 vehicles of this
type were being used (June, 1941).

well
Although of broken, mountainous topography,
Sweden contains much productive land,
watered, on which the Swedes have attained high
Half the people are on
efficiency in agriculture.
farms, which number about 430,000; of which
120,000 are under 5 acres, and 270,800 between 5
Sweden's total area divides 9.4%
and 50 acres.
arable, 2.3% meadows, 59.4% forests. The forest
area is about 58,000,000 acres. In Lapland 32% of
the trees are more than 160 years old and 45% are
more than 120 years old.

Of the forest lands 45% are owned by farmers,
4% by large landed proprietors, 27% by companies
having sawmills, pulp mills, etc., and about 24%
by the state. In forestry, lumbering, sawmills and

pulp mills, 100,000 men are regularly employed therefrom. Before the war, 90 per cent of sawed and 400,000 more obtain some part of their living and planed wood were exported, 75 per cent of the woodpulp and 60 per cent of the paper. Although this export has suffered tremendously from the loss of the markets beyond the seas, new ways have been found to utilize the products of the forest in the Swedish home market. Private houses, industries and railroads burn wood instead of coal and coke. Fabrication of rayon and other textiles made of pulp has increased, and it has even been The principal crops are wheat, rye, barley, oats, possible to produce cattle fodder from woodpulp. corn, peas, beans, vetches, potatoes, sugar beets, fodder roots and hay.

About 10,000 are engaged in the mining industry, which is most extensive north of the Arctic Circle. The Swedish steel is of especial value for tool making. The iron and mechanical industry employes about 175,000; textiles, 80,000 and the paper industry, 60,000.

Because of the blockade, Sweden has been cut off imports and an even higher percentage of the exfrom markets which took about 70 per cent of the ports. Imports and exports in very small quantities have been managed via Gothenburg and the Finnish with the Soviet Union (1940) provided for deArctic port of Petsamo. A trade treaty negotiated liveries of Russian fodder, breadstuffs, mineral oil and certain metals, in exchange for chiefly high-. class manufactured Swedish goods. The export to Germany consists above all of forest products and iron ore, the latter not exceeding pre-war quantiThe population is very homogeneous, being ties. No export of war materials is allowed. entirely of the Scandinavian branch of the Aryan family, except about 30,000 Finns and 6,500 Lapps. Most of the people are Lutheran Protestant, which ship exists. Education is compulsory. is the state religion, but complete freedom of wor

Population of the chief cities (1940) is: Stockholm, 583,621; Gothenburg, 280,602; and Malmo, 154,270.

Compulsory and universal military service is required from 20 to 46. The budget (1938-39) balanced at 1,295.000 kronor, increased (1939-40) to 2,767,000 kronor. About half of this, or 1,377,000 for the year 1940-41 amounted to 2,500,000 kronor. kronor, was reserved for military expenses, which costs are being calculated to at least 1,550,000 For the budget year 1941-42 the corresponding kronor. The Navy has eight coast defense ships, three cruisers, 20 destroyers, ten motor torpedo boats, 75 mine sweepers and 28 submarines. The

Air Force, divided into 10 regiments, includes, according to non-official estimates, 500 aircraft, and is being heavily increased. The Army organization is undergoing change.

Parliament passed (1940) a new enabling law for compulsory national service by which all Swedes considered to be of national importance. can be called to perform specified kinds of work

The monetary unit is the krona, with an average value of $.24.

The merchant marine (July 1, 1939) consisted of 2,259 ships with a gross tonnage of 1,611,462, There are free ports at Stockholm, Goteborg and Malmo.

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