zites seem to have occupied a district south-east of the Kenites, (Joshua xv. 17. Judges, i. 13. iii. 9, 11. 1. Chron. iv. 13. xxvii. 15.) The Kadmonites, or Eastern people, dwelt in the north-eastern parts of Canaan, under mount Hermon, in the land of Mispeh or Gilead, (supposed to be the same with the Hivites, Numb. xiii. 29. Josh. ix. 1. xi, 3. Judges iii. 3.) The Hittites, the offspring of Heth, the second son of Canaan, dwelt in the southern part of Palestine near Hebron, (Gen. ii. 3. Judges i. 26. 2 Sam. xi. 6. 1 Sam. xxv. 6. 2 Kings viii. 7. 1 Kings xi. 1. 2 Kings vii. 6.) The Perizzites are supposed to have principally lived dispersed among the other tribes of the Canaanites, living sometimes in one country and sometimes in another. (Gen. xiii. 7. Josh. xvii. 15. Judges iii. 5. i. 4. 1 Kings ix. 20, 21. 2 Chron. viii. 7. Ezra ix. 1.) The Rephaims were a race of giants, inhabiting a fruitful valley situated on

the confines of what became the territories of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. (Josh. xv. 8. xviii. 5. 2 Sam. v. 18, 22. xxiii. 13. 1 Chron. xi. 15. xvi. 9. Is. xvii. 5.) The Amorites had two powerful kingdoms on the east of Jordan, governed by Sihon and Og. They had at one time a great part of the territories of Moab and Ammon; and they had other kingdoms along the south of Canaan, westward of Jordan. (Num. xxi. xxxii. Deut. i. 44. Josh. xii. xv. xix. Judges vi. 10. 2 Kings xxi. 11. Amos ii. 9.) The Canaanites here refer to some tribes of that people particularly called by their name, who dwelt in the mid-land by the sea westward, and by the coast of Jordan eastward. The Girgashites are supposed to have been the ancestors of the Gergasenes, on the east of the sea of Tiberias. (Josh. xxiv. 11. Mark v. Luke viii. 26. Mat. viii. 28.) The Jebusites dwelt about Jerusalem, and the mountainous country adjacent. (Num. xiii. 29. Judges i. 21. 2 Sam. v. xxiv. 16. Zech. ix. 7.)

This promise was renewed to Abram when his name was changed to Abraham, the Lord re-assuring him that there should be given to him and to his seed, "the land wherein thou art a stranger," [or the land of thy sojournings, marg.] "all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession." Gen. xvii. 5—8.

This assurance was repeated to his son, Isaac, while at Gerar, whither he had removed from the well, Lahai-roi, in the wilderness of Shur, on account of a famine. "And the Lord appeared unto him and said, Go not down into Egypt; dwell in the land which I shall tell thee of; sojourn in this land and I will be with thee, and will bless thee; for unto thee and unto thy seed will I give all these countries, and I will perform the oath which I sware unto Abraham thy father." Gen. xxvi. 2, 3.

It was also renewed to Jacob in the vision of the ladder of celestial commnnication at Bethel: "And behold the Lord stood above it, and said, I am the Lord God of Abraham thy father, and the God of Isaac; the land whereon thou liest, to thee will I give it and to thy seed; and thy seed shall be as the dust of the earth; and thou shalt spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south, and in thee and in thy seed shall all the families of the earth be blessed.” Gen. xxviii. 13, 14.

The same promise was renewed, with new and important specifications, to the children of Israel, after the giving of the law from Mount Sinai: "I will set thy bounds from the Red Sea even unto the Sea of the Philistines, and from the Desert unto the River; for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand, and thou shalt drive them out before thee." Exod. xxiii. 31. As, by other specifications, we find that part of Stony Arabia included which is embraced between the Gulphs of the Red Sea, it is evident that the expression "from the Red Sea even to the Sea of the Philistines" points to the Elanitic Gulph on the south-east and all west from it to the Mediterranean, or the Sea of the Philistines. "From the Desert to the River" gives us the desert of Egypt and Arabia, (Gen. xvi. 7. Exod. xv. 22.) through which they were just passing, as their southern boundary, from which the whole land “unto the River," as the Euphrates is by way of eminence termed, is comprehended in this important grant.

This extent of the divine promise is again declared in the address delivered by Moses to the children of Is

rael, while in the land of Moab, before his death: "The Lord our God spake unto us in Horeb, saying, Ye have dwelt long enough in this mount, turn you and take your journey, and go to the mount of the Amorites, and unto all the places nigh thereunto; in the plain, in the hills, and in the vale; and in the south, and by the sea side; to the land of the Canaanites, and unto Lebanon; unto the Great River, the river Euphrates. Behold I have set the land before you; go in and possess the land which the Lord sware unto your fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give unto them and to their seed after them." Deut. i. 6-9. Still has God respect unto his oath; and at each renewal of the pledge, given long before, does he recall to their remembrance that his purpose of giving the land unto them, is in fulfilment of the covenant made with their fathers, that their possession should extend from the Red Sea and River of Egypt on the south and southwest, and to the Euphrates and Lebanon on the northeast and north-west. When thus addressed by the Lord the children of Israel were in mount Horeb, between the Gulphs of the Red Sea, 140 miles south of what afterwards became the boundary of the land as hitherto possessed by Israel; yet, in the wide range thus set before them, they are still called to go into all the places even "in the south" of Horeb, which is situated only about 50 miles north of the most southern extremity of the peninsula.

The same promise was reiterated by Moses in the course of this speech addressed to Israel on delivering to them the law: "For if ye shall diligently keep all these commandments which I command you, to do them, to love the Lord your God, to walk in all his ways, and to cleave unto him; then will the Lord drive out all these nations from before you, and ye shall possess greater nations and mightier than yourselves. Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall tread shall be yours, from the Wilderness and Lebanon; from the River, the river Euphrates, even unto the uttermost sea, shall your coast be." Deut. xi. 22-24. Euphrates on the north-east, and Lebanon on the north

west, are here declared; and while "the uttermost Sca," or Mediterranean, marks with perfect precision the western boundary, that on the south is also intimated to be the Wilderness" or Desert of Arabia, which they had so long traversed, and so recently left.

After the death of Moses, Joshua became the chosen leader of the children of Israel, and to him was the promise again addressed: "Moses my servant is dead; now therefore arise, go over this Jordan, thou and all this people, unto the land which I do give to them, even to the children of Israel. Every place that the sole of your foot shall tread upon that I have given unto you, as I said unto Moses; from the Wilderness and this Lebanon, even unto the Great River, the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, and unto the Great Sea toward the going down of the sun, shall be your coast." Josh. i. 2-4. Still have we the same extent of territory here marked out; the Wilderness on the south, Lebanon on the north, the Euphrates on the east, and the Mediterranean on the west.

But, at the command of God, the boundaries of the Land, were laid down with the utmost precision by Moses to the children of Israel, while in the plains of Moab. Numb. xxxiv. The citation of this statement, with the introduction of others with which it corresponds, from a parallel passage by Joshua, (xv.) will tend to show in a clearer light the limits of the land in its full extent. "And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, command the children of Israel, and say unto them, when ye come into the land of Canaan, (this is the land that shall fall unto you for an inheritance, even the land of Canaan with the coasts thereof.) Then your South QUARTER shall be from the wilderness of Zin, [southward," or leading towards the south, Josh. xv. 1.] along by the coast of Edom, [or Idumea, “was the uttermost part of the south coast." Josh. xv. 1.]

Having thus given a general statement of the south Quarter, he proceeds to give a specification of the boundaries, which he traces on its different sides, beginning with the south: "And your SOUTH Border shall be the outmost coast of the Salt Sea, eastward," or

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from the south-east corner of the Dead Sea, "from the shore of the Salt Sea, from the bay that looketh southward." Josh. xv. 2. "And your border shall turn from the south to the ascent of Akrabbim ;"" or the mountains of Accaba, (signifying ascent' in Arabic,) which run towards the head of the Elanitic or Eastern gulph of the Red Sea," says the Rev. T. H. Horne, of whose distinct views of the boundaries, as obtained from combining the statements contained in the books. of Numbers and Joshua, we shall now avail ourselves by a direct quotation-" passing (we may presume, with Clayton,) through the sea-ports of Elath and Eziongeber, on the Red Sea, which belonged to Solomon, (1 Kings ix. 26.) though they are not noticed in this place. Thence it shall pass on to [the wilderness of] Zin,' on the east side of Mount Hor, including that whole mountainous region within the boundary; and the going forth thereof shall be to Kadesh Barnea southwards; and it shall go on to Hazar Addar. [Joshua (xv. 3.) interposes two additional stations, Hezron and Kirkaa, before and after Addar, or Hazar Addar, which are not noticed by Moses ;] and pass on to Azmon.' And the border shall fetch a compass,' or form an angle, from Azmon,' or turn westwards towards the river of Egypt,' or Pelusiac branch of the Nile; and its outgoings shall be at the sea,' the Mediterranean.*

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And as for the WESTERN Border, ye shall have the Great Sea for a border. This shall be your west border.' The great Sea is the Mediterranean, as contrasted with the smaller seas or lakes, the Red Sea, the Salt Sea, and the Sea of Tiberias, or Galilee.

"And this shall be your NORTH Border: from the Great Sea you shall point out Hor ha-hor, (not 'Mount Hor,' as rendered in our English Bible, confounding it with that on the Southern border, but) the mountain of the mountain,' or the double mountain,' or Mount

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"This termination of the southern border, westwards, is exactly conformable to the accounts of Herodotus and Pliny: the former represents Mount Casius, lying between Pelusium and the Sirbonic lake, as the boundary between Egypt and Palestine Syria, (3, 5.) the latter reckoned the Sirbonic lake itself as the boundary, (Nat. Hist. 5, 13.)"