§ 1. First case; population increasing, capital stationary, 2. Second case; capital increasing, population stationary, 3. Third case; population and capital increasing equally, the CHAPTER IV. Of the Tendency of Profits to a Minimum. § 1. Doctrine of Adam Smith on the competition of capital, 3. What determines the minimum rate of profit, 4. In opulent countries, profits habitually near to the minimum, 5. 6. - 7. by improvements in production, by the importation of cheap necessaries and instruments, 8. by the emigration of capital, 308 § 1. Abstraction of capital not necessarily a national loss, 2. In opulent countries, the extension of machinery not detri- 327 CHAPTER VI. Of the Stationary State. § 1. Stationary state of wealth and population, dreaded and deprecated by writers, CHAPTER VII. On the probable Futurity of the Labouring Classes. 341 3. Probable effects of improved intelligence in causing a better 4. Tendency of society towards the disuse of the relation of 5. Examples of the association of labourers with capitalists, CHAPTER II. Of the General Principles of Taxation. § 1. Four fundamental rules of taxation, 2. Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation, 3. Should the same percentage be levied on all amounts of in- 5. The increase of the rent of land from natural causes a fit 6. A land tax, in some cases, not taxation, but a rent-charge in 7. Taxes falling on capital, not necessarily objectionable,. CHAPTER III. Of Direct Taxes. CHAPTER IV. Of Taxes on Commodities. § 1. A Tax on all Commodities would fall on profits, - 451 CHAPTER VII. Of a National Debt. 1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses by 2. Not desirable to redeem a national debt by a general con- 479 CHAPTER VIII. Of the Ordinary Functions of Govern- ment considered as to their Economical Effects. CHAPTER XI. Of the Grounds and Limits of the Laisser- faire or Non-Interference Principle. 1. Governmental intervention distinguished into authoritative 2. Objections to government intervention-the compulsory 558 - superior efficiency of private agency, owing to stronger importance of cultivating habits of collective action in sumer is an incompetent judge of the commodity. Edu- cation, Case of women not analogous, 10. Case of contracts in perpetuity, 12. Cases in which public intervention may be necessary to 13. Case of acts done for the benefit of others than the persons Government intervention may be necessary in default of |