whose court and walls rise up from a deep foundation. The mortar is tempered with the blood of beasts. On the west are two castles, well fenced."

About 1190, the Regent Bishop Longchamp surrounded the fortress with an embattled stone wall and "a broade and deepe ditch:" for breaking down part of the City wall he was deposed, and besieged in the Tower, but surrendered after one night. King John held his court here. Henry III. strengthened the White Tower, and founded the Lion Tower and other western bulwarks; and in this reign the palacefortress was alternately held by the king and the insurgent barons. Edward I. enlarged the moat, and on the west made the last additions of military importance prior to the invention of cannon. Edward II. retired here against his subjects; and here was born his eldest daughter, Joan of the Tower. Edward III. imprisoned here many illustrious persons, including David king of Scotland, and John king of France with Philip his son. During the insurrection of Wat Tyler, King Richard II. took refuge here, with his court and nobles, 600 persons: Richard was deposed whilst imprisoned here, in 1399. Edward IV. kept a magnificent court here. In 1460 Lord Scales was besieged here by the Yorkists, and was taken and slain in endeavouring to escape by water. Henry VI., twice imprisoned in the fortress, died here in 1471; but the tradition that George Duke of Clarence was drowned here in 1478, in a butt of malmsey-wine, is of little worth. The beheading of Lord Hastings, in 1483, by order of the Protector Gloucester (on a log of timber in front of the Chapel); the seizure of the crown by Richard; and the supposed murder of his nephews, Edward V. and the Duke of York, are the next events in the annals of the fortress. Henry VII. frequently resided in the Tower, where also his queen sought refuge from "the society of her sullen and cold-hearted husband:" the king held a splendid tournament here in 1501; his queen died here in 1503. Henry VIII. often held his court in this fortress: here, in great pomp, Henry received all his wives previous to their espousals; here were beheaded his queens Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard. About this time (1548) occurred a great fire in the Tower:

“ij A° (Edw. VI.) Item the xxij day of November was in the nyghte a grete fyer in the tower of London, and a gret pesse burnyd, by menes of a Frencheman that sette a barrelle of gonne poder a fyere, and soo was burnyd hymselfe, and no more persons, but moch hurte besyde."—Chron. Grey Friars of London.

Edward VI. kept his court in the Tower prior to his coronation: here his uncle, the Protector Somerset, was twice imprisoned before his decapitation on Tower Hill, in 1552. Lady Jane Grey entered the fortress as queen of England, but in three weeks became here a captive with her youthful husband: both were beheaded. Queen Mary, at her court in the Tower, first showed her Romish resolves: her sister, the Princess Elizabeth, was imprisoned here on suspicion of favouring Sir Thomas Wyatt's design; she was compelled to enter at the Traitor's Gate, when she exclaimed, “Here landeth as true a subject, being a prisoner, as ever landed at these stairs; and before Thee, O God, I speak it." Queen Elizabeth did not keep her court in the Tower, but at no period was the state prison more "constantly thronged with delinquents." James I. resided here, and delighted in combats of the wild beasts kept here. In Charles I's. reign many leading partisans were imprisoned here; and under the government of Oliver Cromwell, and in the reigns of Charles II. and James II., the Tower was filled with prisoners, the victims of state policy, intrigue, tyranny, or crime. Almost from the Conquest, our sovereigns, at their coronation, went in great state and procession from the Tower, through the City, to Westminster; the last observance being at the coronation of Charles II. All the domestic apartments of

1. Posts of the Scaffold. 2. Cage. 3. Barkin Church. 4. The Bulwark Gate. 5. Lyon Tower. 6. Lyons Gate. 7. St. Peter's Church. 8. Postern Gate. 9. The Stone Kitchen. 10. Lieutenant's Lodgings. 11. Jewel House. 12. Hall decayed. 13. Queen's Gallery. 14. Private Gardens. 15. Iron Gate. 16. Thames-street, 17. Queen's Lodgings.

A. White Tower. B. Wardrobe Tower. C. St. John's Chapel, in the White Tower. D. Cold Harbour. E. Bloody Tower. F. St. Thomas's Tower. G. Traitor's Gate. H. Well Tower. 1. Cradle Tower. K. Hall Tower. L. Lantern Tower. M. Salt Tower. N. Tower above the Iron Gate. O. Tower leading to the Iron Gate. P. Broad Arrow Tower. Q. Constable Tower. R. Martin Tower. S. Brick Tower. T. Bowyer's Tower. U. Flint Tower. V. Bell Tower. W. Devili Tower. X. Beauchamp Tower. Y. Byward Tower. Z. Middle Towa

THE TOWER OF LONDON 1 1553.

the ancient palace within the Tower were taken down during the reigns of James II. and William and Mary. In 1792 the garrison was increased:

"Several hundred men were employed in repairing the fortifications, opening the embrasures, and mounting cannon; and on the western side of the fortress a strong barrier was formed with old casks filled with earth and rubble; the gates were closed at an early hour, and no one but the military allowed to go on the ramparts."-Bayley.

The Tower Palace occupied the south-eastern portion of the inner ward, as shown in the opposite plan of the fortress in the reign of Elizabeth, within a century from which period much of its ancient character was obliterated by small buildings between its towers and courts. Northward of the White Tower was built, temp. James II. and William III., the Grand Storehouse for the Royal Train of Artillery, and the Small Armoury for 150,000 stand of arms: this building, 345 feet in length, was destroyed by fire October 30, 1841;* since which the Tower has been "remodelled," many small dwelling-houses have been cleared away, and several towers and defences have been rebuilt. The houses of Petty Wales and the outworks have been removed, with the Menagerie buildings at the entrance from the west.

The Lion Tower was built by Henry III., who commenced assembling here a menagerie with three leopards sent to him by the Emperor Frederic II., "in token of his regal shield of arms, wherein those leopards were pictured." Here, in 1255, the Sheriff's built a house "for the King's elephant," brought from France, and the first seen in England. Our early sovereigns had a mews in the Tower as well as a menagerie :

Merry Margaret, as Midsomer flowre,

Gentyll as faucon and hawke of the Towre."-Skelton.

To the Lion Tower was built as emicircular enclosure, where lions and bears were baited with dogs, in which James I. and his court much delighted. A lion was named after the reigning king; and it was popu. larly believed that "when the king dies, the lion of that name dies after him" (see also Addison's Freeholder, No. 47). "Washing the Lions on the first of April" was another popular hoax. The menagerie greatly declined until 1822, when it revived under the management of Mr. Cops; the last of the animals was, however, transferred to the Zoological Society's Gardens, in the Regent's Park, in 1834: the Refreshment-room and Ticket-office occupy part of the site of the Lion Tower; but the buildings were not entirely removed until 1853. The animals are described in a work entitled The Tower Menagerie, with woodcut portraits cleverly drawn by William Harvey.

The Tower Moat or Ditch was drained in 1843, filled up, and turfed, for the exercise of the garrison: occasionally sheep feed here. The banks are clothed with thriving evergreens; and on the north-east is a pleasant shrubbery-garden.†

"In draining the moat were found several stone shot, which had probably been projected against the fortress during the siege of 1460, when Lord Scales held the Tower for the king, and the Yorkists cannonaded him from a battery on the Southwark side of the river."-Hewitt. (See page 725.)

The land entrance to the fortress is by the Middle Tower, and a

* There were 94,500 stands of arms, of which 4000 were saved: loss by the fire, about 250,000l. Among the objects destroyed and lost were a cannon of wood, and the state swords of Justice and Mercy carried before the Pretender when he was proclaimed in Scotland in 1715.

In 1830 the Tower Ditch was filled with water, and cleansed, by order of the Duke of Wellington, as Constable; which measure has been gravely described as putting the fortress into a state of security against the Reform Bill agitation!

stone bridge, anciently a drawbridge, crossing the Moat, at the southwest angle, to the Byward Tower: these towers were strongly fortified, and provided each with a double portcullis. On the right, a small drawbridge crosses the Moat, and leads to the wharf fronting the Thames. Here is St. Thomas's Tower, and beneath it Traitor's Gate, with a cut which connected the ditch with the river: by this entrance state prisoners were formerly brought into the Tower, and through it "Went Sidney, Russell, Raleigh, Cranmer, More."-Rogers.

"When it was found necessary, from any cause, to carry a prisoner through the streets, the Sheriffs received him from the king's lieutenants at the entrance to the City, gave a receipt for him, and took another on delivering him up at the gates of the Tower. The receipt of the Governor for the body of the Duke of Monmouthhis living body-is still extant."-Dixon's Prisons.

Eastward is the basement-story of the Cradle Tower, in good condition; the Well Tower is used as a warder's residence; and at the southeastern angle is the Iron-gate Tower, used as a powder-magazine.

In the extreme angle, overhanging the ditch, is the Devilin Tower, which crowns "the Devil's Battery;" here is stored up gunpowder. The front wall is embattled, and mounted with cannon; and on the wharf were formerly fired the "Tower Guns." Hatton describes them, in 1708, as "62 guns, lying in a range, fast in the ground, always ready to be discharged on any occasion of victories, coronations, festivals, days of thanksgiving, triumphs, &c." The guns are now fired from a new "Saluting Battery," facing Tower-hill.

Between the outer and inner wards extends a narrow street, in part formerly occupied by the buildings of the Mint, removed to Tower Hill in 1810. The towers of the inner ward are commencing from the southeast, the Bell Tower, containing the alarm-bell of the garrison; it is said to have been the prison-lodging of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and subsequently of the Princess Elizabeth: "at this point, in former times, were other gates, to prevent an enemy getting possession of the lines, and to guard the approaches to the inner ballium.”—Hewitt.

Between the Bell Tower and the Beauchamp Tower was formerly a passage by the leads, used as a promenade for prisoners, of whom the walls bear memorials; among them is "Respice finem,_W. D.”

Next, northward, is the Beauchamp or Cobham Tower, a curious specimen of the military architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries.

This tower is named from Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, being confined here in 1397, and the Cobhams in 1554. It was restored by Anthony Salvin in 1854; when lithographed copies of the Inscriptions, Memorials, and Devices cut on the walls of the several rooms and cells, were published by W. R. Dick.

Upon the wall is a rebus of Dr. Abel, chaplain to Catherine Queen of Aragon; a bell inscribed TA, and Thomas above. Couplets, maxims, allegories, and spiritual truths are sometimes added: of these we can only select a few:

"Thomas Willyngar, goldsmithe. My hart is yours tel dethe." By the side is a figure of a bleeding "hart," and another of "dethe;" and "T. W." and " P. A." "Thomas Rose,

By those to whom he did no wrong. May 8th, 1666."

The figure of man, praying, underneath "Ro. Bainbridge" (1587-8). "Thomas Bawdewin, 1585, Jvly. As vertve maketh life, so sin cawseth death." "Walter Paslew, dated 1569 & 1570. My hope is in Christ." Devices of the Peverels; and crucifix and bleeding heart. "J. C. 1538." "Learne to feare God." "Reprens. le . sage. et. il . te. armera.-Take wisdom, and he shall arm you."

Over the fireplace is inscribed:

"Quanto plus afflictionis pro Christo in hoc sæculo,
Tanto plus gloriæ cum Christo in futuro.

Arundell, June 22, 1587."

One of the most elaborate devices is that of John Dvdle, Earl of Warwick, tried and condemned in 1553 for endeavouring to deprive Mary of the crown; but being reprieved, he died in his prison-room, where he had wrought upon the wall his family's cognizance, the lion, and bear, and ragged staff, underneath which is his name; the whole surrounded by oak-sprigs, roses, geraniums, and honeysuckles, emblematic of the Christian names of his four brothers, as appears from this unfinished inscription:

"Yow that these beasts do wel behold and se,

May deme with ease wherefore here made they be
Withe borders eke wherein (there may be found)
4 brothers' names, who list to serche the grovnd."

The names of the brothers were Ambrose, Robert, Guildford, and Henry: thus, A, acorn; R, rose; G, geranium; and H, honeysuckle: others think the rose indicates Ambrose, and the oak Robert (robur). In another part is carved an oak-tree bearing acorns, signed R.D.; the work of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester.

"Ihs 1571, die 10 Aprilis. Wise men ought circumspectly to see what they do, to examine before they speake, to prove before they take in hand, to beware whose company they use, and above all things, to whom they truste. Charles Bailly." Another of Bailly's apophthegms is: "The most vnhapy man in the world is he that is not pacient in adversities; for men are not killed with the adversities they have, but with ye impacience which they svffer."

"O. Lord. whic. art. of. heavn. King. Graunt. gras. and. lvfe. everlastig. to. Miagh. thy. servant. in. prison. alon. with * ・・・ Tomas Miagh." Again: "Thomas Miagh, whiche lieth here alon,

That fayne wovld from hens be gon,

By tortyre straunge mi troth was

tryed, yet of my libertie denied. 1581, Thomas Myagh."

(A prisoner for treason, tortured with Skeffington's irons and the rack.) "Hit is the poynt of a wyse man to try and then trvste, for hapy is he whome fyndeth one that is ivst. T. C." Again: "T. C. I leve in hope and I gave credit to mi frinde in time did stande me moste in hande, so wovide I never do againe, excepte I hade him sver in bande, and to al men wiche I so vnles, ye svssteine the leke lose as I do. Vnhappie is that mane whose actes doth procvre the miseri of this hovs in prison to indvre. 1576, Thomas Clarke."

In the State Prison Room occurs twice the name of "IANE" (Lady Jane Grey), probably inscribed by one of the Dudleys, who were all imprisoned here in 1553, and one of whom, Guildford, was the lady's husband: this is the only memorial preserved of Lady Jane in the Tower.

Wallace, the Scottish hero, is erroneously named among the prisoners here; for Wallace was not confined in any part of the Tower. The memorial of Thomas Salion, 1622, now let into the wall of the middle room, was formerly in the upper prison-lodging:

A shield surrounded by a circle; above the circle the name "T. Salmon;" a erest formed of three salmons, and the date 1622; underneath the circle the motto Nec temere, nec timore-" Neither rashly nor with fear." Also a star containing the abbreviation of Christ, in Greek, surrounded by the sentence, Sic vive vt vivas-" So live that thou mayest live." In the opposite corner are the words, Et morire ne morieris-" And die that thou mayest die not." Surrounding a representation of Death's head, above the device, is the enumeration of Salmon's confinement: "Close prisoner 8 moneths, 32 wekes, 224 dayes, 5376 houres.”