JAMES BONAR, M.A., LL.D.,

Author of "Malthus and his Work,"
Editor of "Ricardo's Letters to Malthus'
Author of "Elements of Political Economy."

SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. LTD.
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO.

FIRST EDITION, April, 1893. SECOND EDITION, April, 1909.

Two Senses, Competency and Superfluity

II

1234

"City of Pigs" the First Ideal of the Republic

Ascetic Conception of Wealth Dominant

Section 11.-CONCEPTION OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Section III.-CONCEPTION OF CIVIL SOCIETY.

Tabula rasa, but not a New Tablet

Basis of Unwritten Primeval Custom a Middle Term between Old

and New Laws

Laws due to Human Weakness, to Strengthen Human Will.
Laws to be Worked into Existing Custom, and Share its Authority
Does this imply that νόμος is prior to φύσις ?

Plato's Attitude in the Middle.

The Philosopher's Principles Declaratory

This seems to Involve Ratification e.g. of Slavery

Position of Women.

Labouring Population

The State and Society

Note: Xenophon

30, 31

23

24

25

25

26

26

27

27

28

29

31

32

32

33

33

34

Section II.-CONCEPTION OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUtion.

CHAPTER III.-STOICS AND EPICUREANS.

Cynic and Cyrenaic Notion of Independence

Epicureanism

Stoicism.

CHAPTER IV.-CHRISTIANITY.

The Spiritual State and the Visible Church

Canon Law

Idea of Community of Goods

End of the Middle Ages.

Book 11.-Modern Philosopby: Natural Law.

CHAPTER I.-PRECURSORS OF GROTIUS.

Section I-MACHIAVELLÍ.

When Modern Political Economy begins

Machiavelli strictly Political

Historical Method?.

Economical Element Recognised

"Fixed Quantity of Happiness"

One Bargainer Loses

Section II.-MORE.

Social Problems Predominate.

Parallel to Plato

Notion of Wealth and Production

Spontaneous Division of Labour

Short Hours of Labour.

Communism unlike Plato's

Contribution to Political Philosophy

Law and Custom

Francis Bacon

Section III-BODIN.

State as an Aggregate of Families.

Importance of Geographical and Historical Conditions.

Importance of Middle Class .

Absolutism and Mercantile Theory

CHAPTER IV.-HARRINGTON.

87

"Oceana" a Political Utopia.

Agrarian Law Essential

Nature of Former Dependent on Property in Land

Popular Government a Government of the Laws, and not of Men

Two Elements-(1) Force, Depending on Good Fortune, (2) Au-

thority, Depending on Goods of the Mind

87

Agriculture Paramount

Population Encouraged by Exemptions from Taxation

89

89