house once a year. In section 37 the commissioners are authorized to appoint a board of visitors annually, to consist of one person from each township of the county, or a less number, as they may think best, to visit the asylum at least once a year, and to report to the commissioners its condition, and the treatment, management, and condition of the inmates thereof.

These provisions, when read together, clearly place the establishment and subsequent control of the asylum in the county board. The superintendent is employed by the commissioners, reports only to them, and while the overseers of the poor primarily determine who are paupers, and who shall be placed in charge of the superintendent of the asylum, yet his employment, care, and custody of such paupers after they reach the asylum is under the orders and direction of the county commissioners. Under this authority it is the province of the commissioners to prescribe rules, and to direct the superintendent respecting the discharge of inmates who are no longer entitled to support at the public expense. That they may do this intelligently, the statute provides that they shall personally visit and inspect the asylum, and that the superintendent shall make a full report of the health and ability to labor of the inmates; and the board of visitors that are annuaily appointed to visit the asylum, and which may consist of one representative from each township of the county, are to report to the commissioners the management of the institution and the condition of those therein. Upon information thus derived they are to direct the superintendent in the management of the asylum, and in the custody and disposition of the inmates. When rules are prescribed or an order given by the commissioners, it remains only for the superintendent to comply with them.

Another view of the case is equally fatal to the claim of the superintendent. It appears that in July, 1882, when the commissioners ordered that Kate Patten and her child be discharged from the poorhouse, they determined to and did provide for their maintenance outside of the county asylum. This authority is conferred upon the board without regard to the existence of a poor-house in the county, and independent of any action of the overseers of the poor. It is discretionary with the board to provide relief for certain classes of paupers outside the poor-house, and among which are the parents of helpless children. Comp. Laws 1879, c. 79, § 8; Smith v. Commissioners of Shawnee Co., supra.

It follows that the rulings complained of were erroneous, and the judgment of the court below will therefore be reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings.

(All justices concurring.)

(34 Kan. 340)

ANGLO-AMERICAN PACKING & PROVISION Co. v. TURNER CASING Co.

Filed November 7, 1885.

1. ACTION-PARTIES-AMENDMENT.

Where the plaintiff, a corporation, sued the defendant under the name of "The Turner Casing Company," alleging that it was a non-resident corporation, and attached property belonging to a company by that name, and obtained service by publication in a newspaper, and afterwards a general appearance was made by the Turner Casing Company, and an answer was filed by such company to the merits of the action, and the answer also showed that the Turner Casing Company was not a corporation, but was a copartnership composed of four members, giving their names, and the plaintiff then by leave of the court amended its petition by alleging that the Turner Casing Company was a copartnership, and giving the names of the copartners, and changing the title to its petition to correspond with the alleged allegations: held, that the court did not commit error in permitting the plaintiff to make such amendment.

2. SAME-GENERAL APPEARANCE.

The general appearance made by the defendants was made in the name of "The Turner Casing Company," but as that company was a copartnership composed of four members, held, that such appearance was not only made by the company, but also by the members thereof.

4. SAME-FILING ANSWER.

And in such a case, after the petition was amended as aforesaid, the defendant appeared specially, and moved to dismiss the action on the following grounds, to-wit: "For the reason that no service of a summons, either actual or constructive, has been made upon said defendants, or either of them, nor have they, or either of them, entered their appearance herein in any manner except for the purpose of this motion;" and the court below sustained the motion and dismissed the plaintiff's action. Held error; that the defendants, by making an appearance and filing an answer to the merits of the action in the name of "The Turner Casing Company," surrendered jurisdiction of their persons to the court, and were bound by such appearance and answer.

Error from Wyandotte county.

Goodin & Keplinger, J. B. Scroggs, and T. P. Fenlon, for plaintiff in error.

Pratt, Brumback & Ferry, for defendants in error.

VALENTINE, J. On November 27, 1883, an action was commenced in the district court of Wyandotte county with the following title, towit: "The Anglo-American Packing and Provision Co., Plaintiff, v. the Turner Casing Co., Defendant." In the petition it was alleged that both the plaintiff and the defendant were corporations duly organized under the laws of the state of Illinois. At the same time an affidavit for an order of attachment was filed by the plaintiff, which states, among other things, "that said defendant, the Turner Casing Company, is a foreign corporation, and a non-resident of the state of Kansas.' On the same day an affidavit for service by publication was also filed, which states that the defendant was a foreign corporation and a non-resident of the state of Kansas, and also that "service of summons cannot be made upon it within the state of Kansas.' A summons and an order of attachment were issued in the case. The sheriff returned the summons on the same day, and in his return stated as follows: "Not served, for the reason that I could find no

superintendent, manager, agent, clerk of the Turner Casing Company in my county upon which to serve the same. The order of attachment was served by seizing certain property as the property of the defendant. A forthcoming bond was then given by William Cudworth, as principal, in whose possession the property was found, and W. H. Ryus and D. R. Emmons, as sureties. Service of summons was then made by publication in a newspaper. The notice or summons published in the newspaper was entitled the same as the petition; the defendant being mentioned as "The Turner Casing Company," and then the notice stated as follows: "To the above-named defendant: * You are hereby notified that you have been sued," etc. This notice did not state whether the defendant was a corporation or a copartnership or something else; but it required the defendant to answer on or before January 11, 1884. On January 2, 1884, an order was made by the district court, which, after a title similar to that of the petition, reads as follows: "On motion, both parties appearing, the time for defendant to plead in this case is extended, and leave given to defendant to plead on or before February 10, 1884." By a stipulation of counsel this time was subsequently extended to February 23, 1884. On February 20, 1884, the defendant filed an answer entitled as above, and containing,—First, a general denial; second, a denial that the Turner Casing Company was ever a corporation, but alleging that "the Turner Casing Company was, at the dates of the transactions set forth in said petition, ever since has been, and still is a copartnership, composed of Sigismund Oppenheimer, Julius Oppenheimer, Oscar Aberle, and Patrick A. Turner, as copartners, doing business under the firm name and style of Turner Casing Company,' and have no power to sue, nor are they subject to be sued, by the name of the Turner Casing Company.' This answer was signed by "Pratt, Brumback & Ferry, attorneys for defendant." This answer was verified by the oath of Sigismund Oppenheimer. On May 3, 1884, the plaintiff, with leave of the court, amended its petition by interlineation so as to make the defendants as follows: "Sigismund Oppenheimer, Julius Oppenheimer, Oscar Aberle, and Patrick A. Turner, partners as the Turner Casing Company, defendants," and also so as to allege that the defendants were a copartnership instead of a corporation. Pratt, Brumback & Ferry appeared "for the Turner Casing Company, the corporation as sued, and resisted the order of the court granting leave to amend, and excepted thereto. The case was then continued. On May 12, 1884, the defendants filed a motion which, after the title which sets forth the names of the plaintiffs, and the names of all the partners in their partnership character and as defendants, reads as follows:

"Now come the said defendants for the purpose of this motion only, and not appearing herein for any other purpose, and move the court to dismiss this action, upon the ground that it has no jurisdiction of the parties defendant, for the reason that no service of a summons, either actual or constructive,

has been made upon said defendants, or either of them; nor have they, or either of them, entered their appearance herein in any manner, except for the purpose of this motion. PRATT, BRUMBACK & FERRY,

"Attorneys for Defendants for the Purposes of this Motion Only."

This motion was heard by the court on September 6, 1884, when the court made the following finding, to-wit: "That no jurisdiction of the persons of the defendants has been obtained." And the court, on that ground, decided to sustain the motion; and, the plaintiff not desiring to take any further steps in the case in that court, the court then dismissed the case at the plaintiff's costs, to which ruling the plaintiff duly excepted; and to reverse this ruling the plaintiff, as plaintiff in error, now brings the case to this court.

The action was dismissed for the reason, as the court below states, "that no jurisdiction of the persons of the defendants has been obtained." Nothing is said by the court with regard to the jurisdiction of the court over the property attached. Hence it would seem that the court below did not regard jurisdiction over the property as a material question in the case. But did the court have jurisdiction of either the persons of the defendants or their property? In the first place, the property was attached, which admittedly belongs to the defendants. Second. A notice in the nature of a summons was published in the newspaper, addressed to "The Turner Casing Company," requiring such company to appear and answer in the case. Third. There were at least six different appearances made in the case by somebody other than the plaintiff: (1) When the forthcoming bond was given; (2) when the time for the defendant to plead was extended; (3) when the answer of the defendant was filed; (4) when the defendant resisted the motion of the plaintiff for leave to amend its petition, and excepted to the order of the court relating thereto; (5) when the motion to dismiss the action was filed; and (6) when such motion was heard and sustained. The defendants, however, Sigismund Oppenheimer, Julius Oppenheimer, Oscar Aberle, and Patrick A. Turner, claim that the service of the summons by publication or otherwise is void; and we suppose also claim that the service of the order of attachment is void, though they do not expressly say so. And they also claim that they made no appearance in the case until the time when they made their special appearance-which we have numbered “5”—-to dismiss the plaintiff's action. And they support these claims by reasoning which is very ingenious and plausible, but which we, nevertheless, regard as extremely technical and unsatisfactory. They claim that the plaintiff sued the Turner Casing Company, a corporation, and that all the appearances that were made, or that could be made, were made only in that capacity, and that, as no such corporation existed, there were really no valid appearances. For the purposes of this case we shall discuss principally the appearance made when the answer was filed. This answer included a general denial, which was an answer to the merits of the case; and

if it was the defendants who made this appearance, then they surrendered jurisdiction of their persons to the court, and are bound by such answer. Carver v. Shelly, 17 Kan. 472, 474; Bury v. Conklin, 23 Kan. 461; Burdette v. Corgan, 26 Kan. 102; Greenwell v. Greenwell, Id. 530; Meixell v. Kirkpatrick, 29 Kan. 679, 683.

And we think it was the defendants who made this appearance, and who filed the answer; and this, notwithstanding the technical objections that may be urged against it. Courts, under the reformed system of procedure, look to the substance of things rather than to form, and to persons and things rather than to mere names. This manner of treating things constitutes the life and spirit of the reformed system of procedure. Did the defendants in fact make the foregoing appearance? The action was commenced against "The Turner Casing Company." A certain organization of persons were at that time, and had been for a long time previously, doing business under that name. It was this organization that was intended to be sued. It is true, the petition alleged that the organization was a corporation, while in fact it was a copartnership; but no other organization existed of that name, and that organization was composed of these defendants. The publication notice, however, was not to the Turner Casing Company as a corporation, but it was simply to "The Turner Casing Company;" and it is the notice which brings parties within the jurisdiction of the court, and this notice applied to the Turner Casing Company, whatever its organization might be. Property was attached in the case, and this property belonged to the defendants as "The Turner Casing Company." Now, somebody or something appeared in the action and made motions, took exceptions, and filed an answer. This somebody or something appeared in the case as "The Turner Casing Company," and was represented by able counsel. Now, who or what was this somebody or something? Evidently the only answer that can be given to this question is that it was the Turner Casing Company, the copartnership composed of the aforesaid members, Sigismund Oppenheimer, Julius Oppenheimer, Oscar Aberle, and Patrick A. Turner; for no other organization or persons existed or did business under that name. And if such copartnership made such appearance, then the appearance was, in fact, by all the members of such copartnership, and binds all; for all partnership transactions bind all the members. It is idle to talk about all these appearances having been made by nobody or nothing, for appearances cannot be made in that way; and courts cannot allow themselves to be trifled with by permitting parties to make appearances which do not have the effect or the consequences of appearances. We think it was the defendants in this case who filed the answer, and as the answer went to the merits of the action, we think the defendants, by filing such answer, surrendered jurisdiction of their persons to the court. When it was ascertained by the plaintiff that it had made a mistake in alleging in its petition that the Turner Casing Company was a corpo