Account of the Total Quantities of Wheat, Rye, Barley, and Oats exported from Russia to all Parts of the World during the Ten Years ending 1850, specifying the several Quantities exported to each Country.

*Partly for consumption, partly as entrepôt.

† Composed chiefly of shipments from the Black Sea and Sea of Azow on consignment to Constantinople, whence they are re-exported
to Greece, the Archipelago, &c.
Chiefly in transit.

§ Chiefly shipments from the Black Sea and the Sea of Azow for Trieste, partly as entrepôt, partly for the provisioning of Dalmatia and the littoral in case of a defective harvest.

Great part of this is sent to Elsineur, where it receives its definitive destination on English account.

cumulo we find that England receives directly nearly 23 per cent.; Italy, nearly 18; France, upwards of 15; European Turkey, 14; and Holland, nearly 9; but on this point we refer to the notes accompanying the table. The flour and meal is exported chiefly to European Turkey, Asia, and Norway; and it was only in 1847, the year in which this exportation reached its extreme height, representing a value of Ro. 5,862,900, that it was exported (either in entrepôt or for home consumption) in considerable quantity to several European states, namely, to Prussia, to the value of Ro. 1,571,000; to England, to the value of Ro. 1,029,000; to Denmark, to the value of Ro. 518,400; and to Holland, to the value of Ro. 119,500. The total exportation of meal and flour during the ten years represented a value of Ro. 11,655,900. The exportation of all sorts of grain, flour and meal, grits, and dry legumes included, during the whole decennial period, represented a total value of Ro. 228,320,000, or medium yearly value of Ro. 22,832,000 (= 3,615,000l. ster.), distributed among the various countries of destination (whether for consumption or re-exportation) as follows:

We perceive from these figures that during the decennium 1841-50 England, although our largest customer, did not receive directly much more than a fifth of the total value exported; but, adding the value of what she draws from various entrepôts, we may, for reasons already given, set down her share of the total value at about two-fifths. In 1847 the value of the exportation to France exceeded that of the exportation

* Consisting chiefly of grain for Elsineur, whence it is commonly forwarded to England. During the years 1846 and 1847 there were also considerable shipments for the Hanse Towns.

to England by upwards of Ro. 200,000. The trade with Italy, which occupies the second rank in importance, is the steadiest of any in its results; throughout the ten years it never rose above the value of Ro. 5,840,000, nor fell below the value of Ro. 2,150,000. The value of the exportations to France varied between Ro. 1,102,000 and Ro. 16,174,000; and the value of those to England between Ro. 1,175,000 and Ro. 15,973,000. During the triennum 1851-53 the value of all sorts of grain, flour, meal, and dry legumes included, exported from the empire and the kingdom of Poland together was, in 1851, Ro. 20,962,900; in 1852, Ro. 34,244,600; and in 1853, Ro. 55,033,900; giving a total of Ro. 110,241,400 and an average of Ro. 36,747,100, distributed as follows:

Thus during these three years England (irrespective of what she took indirectly) received of the total value in the proportion of nearly 30 per cent., whilst during the ten years preceding her quota had been under 22 per cent. The share of France sinks from 15.8 to 134; that of European Turkey from 14.4 to 121; and that of Italy from 17 to 11-8. The year 1853 was one of the most brilliant in the history of our corn-trade: exportation attained the value of more than 55 millions of roubles; an amount which places it second only to the exceptional year 1847 when the value of cereals exported reached Ro. 71,279,600. If we deduct the exportation from the kingdom of Poland, the triennium 1851-53 gives a medium yearly value of Ro. 34,208,800, being only 12 per cent. less than the exportation of 1845-47, which greatly exceeded that of any preceding period. The following table exhibits the value of cereals exported from Russia during each of the thirty-three years ending with 1853, the exportation from the kingdom of Poland not included:

The following table exhibits by triennial periods the average yearly values of cereals and of all other articles exported from the empire, together with the proportion borne by the former to the whole :

This table exhibits in a striking light the difference between our trade in corn and in all other articles taken in cumulo. Whilst the latter has followed a slow but almost constantly progressive movement, the exportation of cereals has undergone great fluctuations. After rising during the third period from less than 4 millions of roubles to more than 8, and during the

fourth to nearly 16, it suddenly falls in the fifth to below 31 millions. During the three following periods it oscillates between 10 and nearly 16 millions; during the ninth it suddenly rises to nearly 39; falls during the tenth below 20; and finally mounts to more than 34. The proportion of cereal to total exportation varies between 5.7 and 35.1 per cent. These great and frequent fluctuations are inherent in the nature of the article the most variable and uncertain of known in comany merce in regard both to demand and to supply, for these depend on the results of the harvest, that is, in a great measure on the variations of the atmosphere in. the countries both where the grain is grown and where the surplus is to be consumed. There are but few countries which in years of abundant harvest do not raise cereals enough for their own consumption, so that in countries which produce a surplus the calculations of the trade must be founded on the chances of a bad harvest elsewhere, which, in the nature of things, forms the exception. The lowest value of exportation (in 1834) is to the highest (in 1847) as 1 to 43, whilst the value of all other articles of export taken together varies in the whole course of these three and thirty years in no higher proportion than that of 10 to 19. The trade upon the whole is in progress. Down to 1829 the value of the exportation never reached 10 millions of roubles; during 1829-32 it fluctuated between 10 and 17 millions; during the next three years it falls below 5 millions; and in 1834-a year of miserably bad harvest, when we were ourselves importers to the value of Ro. 5,966,000—it does not reach Ro. 1,700,000. Down to 1846, that is to say, during five-and-twenty years, the value only once-in 1839-exceeded the cipher of 20 millions, and thirteen years out of the threeand-thirty it fell below 10. After 1846 we observe a remarkable progress. Four times in the course of eight years-in 1846, 47, '52, and '53-we find figures that had not been attained in any year preceding that date; and what is especially worthy of notice is the fact that the total value of the exportation of the last eight years (Ro. 262,559,700) exceeds by Ro. 15,856,800, or about 6 per cent., that of the twentyeight preceding. This is an important and encouraging result for our corn-trade, to the future prospects of which we shall now devote a few words.

The ascending movement which the trade has followed since 1821, and especially since 1844, is of good augury, the more so that it is not accidental, but founded on the nature of things. Russia is an eminently agricultural country. She possesses in Europe about 90 millions of dessiatines (=242 millions of acres,