Part of the Oratorical Extracts have been used by me in another shape to illustrate figures of Rhetoric. The Historical have been selected mainly to illustrate Tacitean Idioms, which should, I think, be studied and imitated, if only in order to realize in what they consist, and so to avoid their use unconsciously in other styles of prose: but most of the English Extracts are equally adapted for translation in the style of Livy or Cæsar. A curious coincidence may be noticed in the first seven, which are selected as easier for beginners. They read like pretty close translations of Tacitus, but are really translations of Plutarch; and so offer a curious illustration of the fact that the originality of Latin Prose is not very different from that of Latin Verse. Those who, to avoid charging one or the other author with plagiarism, refer the coincidence to their use of some common authority must condemn both of servile plagiarism in the reproduction not only of facts but even of reflections. Cf. H. 5, 25—27, (5) 38-40. The Philosophical Extracts commence similarly with seven passages of less difficulty, being little more than paraphrases or adaptations of the Latin. Incidentally they will be found interesting as giving instances of the similarity of ancient and modern thought and of anticipations of modern discoveries as in P. 4 and (4). See also P. (39), (43) and (44) for other interesting coincidences. Translations of about 50 of these Extracts printed on separable sheets (as also about 40 of the Parallel Extracts in the earlier book) are ready, and can be supplied to school-masters and teachers on direct application to myself. Suggestions and corrections will be gratefully received. J. E. NIXON. KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, N.B. The three separate parts of the Extracts are paged independently; but a continuous paging also will be found at the foot of the pages in Parts II. and III. GENERAL CONTENTS. PAGES §§ 1-5. Substantival Phrases, pp. ix-xiv § 1 (a, b). Use of abstract phrases and timeless verbals § 1 (c). Use of singulars for plurals, and of collectives § 1 (d, e). Adjectives for substantives, agents for § 1 (f). Latin abstract terms § 2. Substantives for case forms, adverbs, &c. ix xi-xii § 11. Distinctive or special uses of pronouns xviii-xix xix-xx GENERAL HINTS FOR TRANSLATION AND COMPOSITION. 0. Oratorical Extracts. H. Historical. P. Philosophical. P. E. Parallel Extracts, Part I. N.B. The references within brackets are to the English extracts, For other hints and for fuller notes on some of these points see English use terms for clauses, &c. §1 (a). Abstract substantival phrases are used (in §1(a). English) for more concrete substantival expressions (in of abstract Latin); and generally substantives for verbal clauses or verbal for participles and adjectives, especially neuter adjectives. Cf. O. 20. 3, 5, 7; 28. 12; 29. 3; 35. 26-28; and also 34. 4 nox interposita; 5. 18 quem defendo 'my client;' 8. 7 quod defendam 'case;' 11. 11 in fabulis 'the stage;' 29. 1 accusatoria consuetudo. P. (35) 4 'in the excess' si nimia sit; P. (27) b. 5 'music' &c. musici. H. 10. 2, 7, 8; 19 (b). 4, 5; 22. 8; 31.5; (33) 24; 33 (b). 12; (35) 6, 28. P. (1) 13-17; (4) 1—7; (5) b. 11; (6) 5; (28) 12, 14; (35) 1. of timeless (b). Similarly, in English, timeless verbal substan- §1(6). And tives in '-ing' or substantival infinitives replace Latin verbals in -ing or infinite verbal clauses (expressing time) e.g. quum laudant finitives arguunt ('to praise is to censure' or 'in praising'); abuti- Cf. § 15 (a). similarly. § 1 (c). Abstract singulars for Latin plurals; Latin singular collectives. § 1 (d). Abstract subst. for Lat. adj. X Abstracts-Singular for plural. mur...quum dicimus P. 16. 1 (it is a loose way of speaking to say'); quod vult (volebat &c.), est (erat &c.) crimini, 'mere wishing forms (formed) a serious charge.' O. 15. 15; 29. 18; 32. 13; 38. 20. H. 10 (b). 9, 10; (16) 24. P. (1) 9; (2) b. 8; 5. 5, 6; (5) a. 5; (6) 12; (9) 1—4; (10) 1, 2; (31) 5. (c). The love of English for the abstract is shewn in the use of singulars like 'the ear,' 'the eye,' 'the foot,' 'evidence,' 'sound,' 'colour,' 'shape,' &c. for the Latin plural (testes, soni, colores, &c.); in the use of terms like 'painting,' 'sculpture,' &c. for the works of art as well as the process; in the use of incomplete abstract nouns in the singular where Latin uses the plural and adds rerum, corporis, &c. e.g. 'motion,' 'change,' 'emotion,' 'description,' &c. Cf. P. 4. 1, and (4) 2; 6. 19, 20, 21, 22, &c. with (6) 3, 5, 20— 25; 13. 39; (13) b. 2; 24 (a). 4, (c) 4, 5; 25. 15; (25) 1—9; 27 (a). 1—6; (27) b. 1; (28) 7, 9, 15. The converse use of the singular for the plural in Latin is confined mainly to class or generic names of (i) fruits, flowers, trees, fish, flesh, &c., e. g. faba, hædus Cic., abies Cæs., olea Plin. Ep. (found in poetry and later prose, also with multus, plurimus), and (ii) of professions, tribes, e.g. miles, hostis, remex, eques, mercator, Panus, Samnis. Cf. H. 14. 12, 19; 18 (a). 8; 22. 12. (d). So too Latin adjectives and participles or adjectival substantives in apposition or in other connexion in -tor &c., (especially those of the agent, e.g. in tor, trix, sor, and and present participles genitive plurals of the present participle), are often tion. replaced in English by abstract substantives; e.g. 'the wails of despair' desperantium; 'instigations of Marius' instigator Marius; 'Clive's sagacity' C. vir sagax. Cf. O. in apposi |