Negative phrases.

(longe aliter) se res habet; non (faciam, &c.) would be used. Cf. O. 9. 23, 24; 18. 13; 25. 21; 30. 24, 25; (17) 22; (25) 24; (30) 27. P. 9. 8-11; 24 (c). 6; 30. 10.

(b). In either language affirmative statements or words may be expressed by two negatives, and vice versa : or, to put it mathematically, -(-a) = + a. e. g. cum 'not without;' 'I cannot help observing here'= necesse est hoc loco illud (commemorare); cf. nonnemo, nemo non, nemo...quin, nonnunquam, &c.

Cf. O. 33. 19 neminem fugit 'everyone must know,' no one can help knowing.'

O. 14. 27; 17. 7; 42. 14.

P. (2) 7; (2) b. 8; (4) 16; (11) b. 1, 12; (16) 1; (35) 1.

(c). The various ways of rendering 'without' and other quasi-negatives deserve especial notice; e. g. nulla rheda, non imperante domino O. 7. 12, 30; nemo ita vitam agit ut non (qui non) aliquando peccet; cf. P. (3) b. 14; (29) 5; etiamsi non esset lex O. 30. 12; his delectatur neque adficitur Plin. Ep. ; cf. P. 33. 22. So 'indisputably,' 'indispensable,' 'essential' may be rendered. Cf. P. 2. 6; (2) 7. 'Nothing is too great to conceive' becomes nihil est tam magnum quod non animo concipi possit, cf. P. (3) b. 3; 13. 4, 5.

(d). So too English quasi negative verbs are expressed by direct negatives, e. g. 'refrain from,' 'abstain from,' 'discontinue,' &c., see below § 20.

(e). It should be noticed also that in Latin (as in Greek) verbs like 'to prevent,' 'prohibit,' 'restrain,' 'forbid,' shrink from,' &c., implying negation of action, are followed epexegetically by negative clauses (ne, quo minus, qui ne or quin, as also in the case of metuo, vereor ne): English drops the negative, the clause appended not being epexegetic.

Periphrases, Pleonasms, &c.

xxvii

For an instance of two negatives repeated in Latin without creating an affirmative see P. 18. 14; for cases where in English 'yes' and 'no' are interpolated superfluously see 0. (4) 5, 15 ; 29. 1—4; for general instances of rhetorical or special uses of negatives see O. 1. 7, 12; 8. 5, 11, 19; 30 (b); 34. 6, 21.

tive.

§ 20. Pleonastic and periphrastic verbs with negative § 20. English verbal or positive senses have often to be inserted in English periphrases, negative and omitted in Latin, e. g. 'positive' phrases, like 'suc- and posiceeded in,' 'managed to,' 'ended in,' 'has the effect of,' 'proceed to,' 'begin to,' 'were found to,' &c., which are often expressed merely by position or tense or by some adverbs (ita, tandem, ita...ut, jam, tum, inde, &c.); 'negative' phrases like 'neglected to,' ' failed to,' 'ceased,' &c. expressed by non, non jam; cf. § 34.

O. 3. 18; (5) 3, 11; (7) 14; 33. 19; (40) 8.

H. (26) b. 10; (32) 20.

P. (1) 2; (2) 13, 14; (3) a. 11; b. 6, 10; (41) 11.

order and

$ 21. (a) The natural order of Latin-(i) subject § 21. Latin (ii) object (iii) verb-may be changed for the sake of emphasis. variety, emphasis, euphony and connexion; but clauses. should end with weighty words, not however necessarily with a verb. Long words are preferred as endings, and when est occurs there, it coalesces with the preceding word as in O. 35. 9, 13; 14. 3, 25. Short or apparently weak words at the end will often be found to be strongly emphasized as in O. 19. 5, 6. Emphasis is obtained too by separating words that grammatically are closely connected, e.g. adjective and substantive; see § 36 on Hyperbaton, and Orat. Hints, Rule v., p. xliv.

O. 29; 33; 34. P. 11 (a) &c. H. 2; 6; &c.

(b). To express the emphasis in Latin of position, the grammatical object of a Latin clause, when it comes first, or the emphasized subject, will often have to be

§ 22. Position of relative

words and

of qualifying words.

made the subject of a new separate clause in English, as magnam vim possidet O. 11. 6 'great is the force,' &c., sua quemque fraus vexat, 0. 11. 23 "tis the man's own inner wickedness, not the furies that torment him.'

Cf. O. (13) a. 2; 24. 2, 21; 35. 10, 26; 40. 10, 11.

P. 10. 4; 11. 6.

Sometimes it will be enough to turn a Latin active into an English passive, as in § 17. Cf. O. 33. 19 neminem fugit every one must know ;' 34. 5; 38. 19. H. 2. 1.

Sometimes the help of a supplementary clause is needed ('as for,' 'as regards,' 'in the case of '), &c., as 0. 26. 7 at L. Flaccum nunquam pœnitebit, &c. 'as for Flaccus he will never repent,' cf. O. 35. 7; 39. 10; 40. 30; often, perhaps generally, a pause or a stress of accent, undistinguishable in print, is the only English equivalent of the Latin emphasis of order. English sentences therefore must be read carefully through to discover this latent stress.

Cf. O. (5); (24) a; (31) 1—5; 24. 21 sq.; 36. 6, 38.

P. (5); (24).

Especial notice also should be taken of the emphatic use of the pronouns ego, tu, &c., e. g. ego te perdidero O. 26.1; and of their unemphatic use in separating other words for emphasis' sake.

Cf. O. (2) 5, 6; 13. 4—14; 14. 6, 12 sq.; 23; 35. 22.

H. 10. 9; 25 and (25). P. 3. 27, 28; 31. 10, 11, 12; 34. 8, 10.

§ 22 (a). Qualifying words come before what they qualify in Latin, or as near to it as possible: and so too clauses and qualifying adverbial clauses, stating plan, manner, cause, &c. of action, or otherwise antecedent in time, come logically first in Latin, whereas in English they often follow co-ordinately after the main verb-cf. Tacitus' use of the ablative absolute, and of adjectives, &c. at the end of the sentence, e. g. H. 2. 29, 30; 5 (a). 10; cf. P. E. § 3.

Relative clauses however that amplify rather than modify and adjectival and epexegetic adjuncts follow their noun or verb.

0. 6. 1–20; 7. 5—11; 24. 15; 33. 16; 35. 20.

H. 10 (b). 2, 11; 20. 12—15; 25. 2, 8, 15; 34. 4; (22) 10—12. P. 10. 5, 10; 24 (c). 9 sq.; (24) 22; 31. 5; 40. 21.

So too in comparisons the relative clause usually comes before the correlative, quo—eo; ut―ita; quum— tum (but tam-quam); not always however.

Cf. O. 6. 29; 14. 19; 35. 17; 36. 27; 38. 17, 18.
H. 9. 3; 10 (b). 7; 16 (a). 10; 21. 15; 26 (b). 15.
P. 12. 8; 16. 4—9; 26 (c). 3; 31. 7.

(b). Qualifying words in Latin will often have to be tied down to what they qualify if they do not refer to the main verb, and e.g. (i) inserted between the substantive and adjective, or (ii) put in a separate relative clause, or (iii) attached to what they qualify by a participial clause, so as to detach them from the main verb: e.g. 'a loud shout on the right frightened them away' must not be translated absterruit a dextra clamor maximus as a rule, but maximus a dextra clamor or maximus clamor qui a dextra veniebat, or a dextra missus. So still more with adverbs, and especially adverbs used as adjectives, e. g. multis ante annis; multis invicem cladibus; ipsorum inter se fraude.

O. 1. 5, 32; 7. 21, 24.

H. 7. 6; 14 (a). 21; 21. 2; 23. 1; 26 (b). 19, 20.
P. 27 (b). 4; 28. 14, 20; 30. 3; 32. 12.

(c). These relative clauses will often be replaced by separate coordinate clauses in English; and their force, causal, concessive, final, &c. expressed distinctly. Sometimes the relative is used instead of si in hypothetical sense, and must be so translated, cf. O. 13. 11.

Cf. O. 38. 19; 42. 7.

H. 18. 3; 28. 13; 36. 15.

§ 23. Abruptness

§ 23. English is abrupt, Latin sentences must be of English, connected either by the use of particles or by beginning

connexion

of Latin clauses.

§ 24. Latin conjunctions.

the clause with relatives, or with some other word (often even the main verb) resuming or continuing the thread of some antecedent thought. A story may have to be introduced by ferunt, an incident or result by accidit ut, factum est ut; an allusion in a letter or an argument, &c. by quod scribis, quod defendis. Cf. P. E. § 47 and below $$ 28, 30.

Cf. O. 32. 1; 36. 18, 26; 42. 6.

P. 6. 2; 38. 7; 45 (a). 2.

Relatives in Latin will, then, often commence a new clause where in English we make no connexion, O. 33. 16; and sometimes double relatives occur, e. g. quod qui fecerit; qui quum, &c., but relative connexions are commoner in Cæsar and Livy than in Tacitus.

Cf. H. 18 (a); 20; 28; and see § 36.

§ 24. Inferential, antithetical, adversative, concessive, epexegetic particles, with their varying uses and interchange of meanings must be carefully studied and distinguished in both languages and not uniformly translated by the same Shibboleth equivalents, as is usually the case with quidem, enim, jam, autem, &c.; e.g. jam may be 'then' as well as 'now,' or 'again' as well as 'already,' like jam vero-cf. O. 44. 1, 3; just as 'now' may be rendered by tandem, demum O. (44) 1 or by modo, mox, inde, O. (47) 9, as well as by jam and nunc.

Nam, enim, may be 'indeed,' 'in fact,' like enimvero, as well as 'for;' autem may be antithetical 'on the other hand' (and so distinguished from the adversative sed or transitional ceterum H. 13 b. 13 'however'); quoque merely additional 'as well;' etiam progressive and further,' 'what is more,' sometimes 'still' (et jam, like etiam tum) and again,' instead of uniformly 'for,' 'but,' 'also.' Cf. O. 45. 9-12; 46. 1, 9; 47 (b). 14, 16.