people knew him, and could have earned thirty thousand pounds by betraying him, his secret was kept. After five months of misery and hardship almost amounting to starvation, and many hair-breadth escapes, Charles got to France, and went from thence to Rome, where he died in 1766.

His youngest brother, the last survivor of the Stuart family, became a cardinal in the Romish Church, and died at Rome in the reign of George III. In one of the churches at Rome there is a monument to James III., Charles III., and Henry IX., kings of England. Three kings of England who were never crowned, who never reigned, and can only be called kings in so far that if hereditary monarchy had not been set aside, they had a right to the throne.

George II. lived fourteen years after the battle of Culloden, dying very suddenly in 1760. He had spent so much of his early life in Germany, that he never could really be considered an Englishman. He talked German, he married a German princess, and he cared more for his old country than his new one.

CHAPTER XXXV.

GEORGE III. (Son of Frederic, Prince of Wales), 1760-1820. Married Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Children :-George, Prince of Wales; Frederick, Duke of York; William Henry, Duke of Clarence; Edward, Duke of Kent (father of Queen Victoria); Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland; Augustus Frederic, Duke of Sussex; Adolphus Frederic, Duke of Cambridge; two other sons who died in infancy; and six daughters. Important Events:-Peace with America signed, 1783; Louis XVI. beheaded, 1793.

GEORGE III. was twenty-two years old when he became king. He succeeded his grandfather, George II., who had never very much liked England, as his youth had been spent in Germany. But George III. loved England, and was proud of being an Englishman. He was a very good man, and most anxious to make his people happy. But through his long reign, more from misfortune than from fault, England was almost constantly at war.

After George had reigned a few years, more money was wanted to keep up the expense of defending England against enemies, and so more taxes had to be paid. Taxes are the money given to the king to pay soldiers, sailors, policemen, and other people who take care of us. Taxes also pay for workhouses, prisons, and other necessary institutions. If we had no soldiers and sailors, the kings of other countries would make war upon us and ill-treat us. If we had no policemen, thieves would break into our houses, and perhaps kill us. If we had no workhouses, poor people who are too old and ill to earn their living might starve. If there were no prisons, wicked people who ill-treat their neighbours could not be kept

safely locked up. But as soldiers, sailors, and policemen must have wages, and as it costs a deal of money to build prisons and workhouses, taxes must be paid.

Now when George III. was king, a great deal of America belonged to England. Years and years before George was born, English people had gone to live in America. When people leave their own land, and settle in another, they are called emigrants, or colonists, aná the place where they settle is called a colony. Now, of course, colonists would not be safe unless their friends at home looked after them a little. Colonists want soldiers and policemen to protect them, just as much as people who stay at home. But then, colonists, like their friends in England, should pay taxes. And it is fair that the richest people, who can best afford the money, should pay most.

Now George thought that the American colonists did not pay enough. He talked the matter over with his ministers, and it was settled that there must be some new taxes. One was to be upon tea. Now tea was a great deal dearer at that time than now, and so it seemed a wise plan to tax it, because only rich folks drank much tea in those days.

The colonists had been for a very long while away from England, and had got so used to America, that they did not care about their old country. But they did care about their money, and had no notion of giving the King of England more of it than they could help. So that when George said that higher taxes were to be paid, the Americans replied, "No; we do not want your help any longer, and had rather govern ourselves; and as for

paying a tax upon tea, we will throw it into the sea first." And so they did. The very next cargo of tea that was sent to America, the colonists threw into the sea for the fish to drink.

All this quarrelling led to a war between the English and the Americans. Sometimes the colonists were victorious, sometimes the king's troops; but, at last, the colonists got their own way, and have governed themselves ever since, under the name of the United States.

And now we must leave the affairs of England for a little while, to talk about some very near neighbours, the French. You all know how near France is to England. Only about twenty miles of sea separate us. Nothing can happen in one country without in some way influencing the other; and in George III.'s reign many English people were terribly frightened, lest we, like the French, should have a revolution. The word revolution means a change of government. And a revolution seldom can take place without much misery and bloodshed. I think we should have had a revolution in George III.'s time, if we had been oppressed, as the French had been, by a despotic monarch.

PART I

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION IN THE YEAR 1793.

THE French kings for many years before the Revolution had been too powerful; in fact, what are called despotic monarchs. They could do whatever they pleased. Perhaps you do not see much harm in a king having his own way. You would like to have your own way, and you

believe you would not do badly. But we find that wherever people have governed without any laws over them, they have almost always become selfish, unjust, and even cruel to those whom they dislike. This was the case with the French kings.

Our kings have to ask their people for every penny that they spend, and give an account of it. In France, King Louis XV. threw away enormous sums of money on bad men and women about his Court-money which was taken from the poor. The nobility and the clergy paid no taxes.

Louis was a man who had no religion, and made many bad men bishops and archbishops, till the lower orders lost all respect for those over them. When the king died, he left the kingdom deep in debt. Neither kingdoms nor private people can get on in debt. It takes all heart out of men.

The next king, Louis XVI., was the kindest and bestmeaning ruler that France had had for years; but he had been brought up to believe that everything was made for his service, and the beautiful young queen, who had married at fifteen, had been taught much the same. There was a bad harvest; and owing to the heavy taxes, the poor became poorer still, and grew clamorous, because bread was so dear. The king could find no way of mending matters, but ordering the bakers to sell bread twopence a loaf cheaper.

Now, young as you are, I believe you are wiser than the poor French king, for you would see that if you took away the bakers' profits, they would bake no bread at all. When bread became very dear in England, we