as a saviour by numbers of persons, especially by all those in whom the Latin spirit was dominant. But if the Civil War in England or the Revolution in America tended to retard progress in these countries for a time, the horrors of the French Revolution so revolted the world that even now, more than a hundred years later, people talk of it with dread, and fear to make a change lest the "Terror" should be repeated. I confess that France dominated by the Napoleonic idea may perhaps be still liable to somewhat similar excesses in the event of a revolution; but the Anglo-Saxon in all lands has been so long accustomed to govern himself that the future may be looked forward to with confidence so far as he is concerned. There will be no more beheading of monarchs or murdering of nobles in Anglo-Saxon communities. The fight will be at the ballot-box, not in the tented field.

CHAPTER XIX

THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

THE CANADIAN

WHEN the American Colonies declared their independence, those colonists who remained loyal to the King left the country, some going to England while the majority crossed the St. Lawrence River and settled in the country which had recently been conquered from France, and thus, perhaps, laid the foundation for the animosity of the two branches of Anglo-Saxons which practically divide the continent of North America between them. But notwithstanding this animosity the influence of the United States on Canada has been very great, and the majority of the Anglo-Saxons in Canada are as passionately republican as the Americans themselves. The Canadians have severed the connection between Church and State, have adopted secular education, the decimal money system, manhood suffrage, and other reforms first instituted in the United States. The development of the Anglo-Saxon in Canada has been to some extent, perhaps, retarded by the presence there of a compact body of descendants of the early French settlers who were permitted to retain their ancient laws and customs. Thus the seignories, with their feudal rights and immunities, were perpetuated. So unprogressive are these French Canadians that it is said that they are now more French than the French themselves; that if an observer wishes to study the French of ante-revolutionary times, he must go

to Canada, and not to France, to find them. Apart from their religion, the French Canadians do not differ from the Anglo-Saxon Canadians in loyalty to their own country, and if ever a rupture between them should take place, it would be caused by an attempt to interfere with the religious freedom of the Frenchmen. Any such interference, therefore, should be carefully avoided by the reformer. I have already said that it is impossible to force into the mind of any man or woman a higher conception of the Creator than he or she is capable of understanding. Such a conception can only be promoted by education, and the more highly the children of AngloSaxons are educated the more elevated will be their conception of the Creator and of their duty to Him. The Latins do not accept our science, and a knowledge of the physical and moral sciences can only filter slowly into the minds of those who are educated in the Latin Church. But sooner or later this higher knowledge will find its way into the minds of the youth even of Latin parents, and make reforms possible without force. There is ample scope in Canada, as in other Anglo-Saxon communities, for the exercise of the eminently Anglo-Saxon qualities of patience and self-control.

GREAT BRITAIN AND HER COLONIES

The average Englishman is as profoundly ignorant of the colonies founded by his countrymen as he is of foreign nations—perhaps more so. It is said that "he learns geography by means of his wars," and as he has not been at war with his colonies he knows

little even of their geography. To the average Englishman the Colonies are small, sparsely populated patches of earth, entirely insignificant as compared with England, and useful only for the trade they bring to the mother-country. This ignorance is due to the ignorance of the Englishman of his

own characteristics, but it is an ignorance shared by the American, the Canadian, and other AngloSaxons. If the Anglo-Saxon knew himself he would know his relatives in other lands. It is to this ignorance of his own racial characteristics that we may trace much of the disagreement which has occurred not only between Canada and the British Government, but also between Canada and the United States. Thus when the boundary between the United States and Canada was adjusted, the English regarded a few square miles somewhere in America as of little value, while to the Canadian they were of vast importance. The American valued the land which the Canadian claimed as belonging to Nova Scotia simply because its acquirement gave him a victory over the hated Britisher, and no doubt Daniel Webster owed very much of his popularity among his countrymen to his smartness in doing England out of a considerable stretch of territory. To the Canadian, however, the transaction appears in quite a different light, and Daniel Webster is still roundly stigmatised as a mean liar." That he did tell a deliberate lie cannot, I think, be denied, but it strikes the Canadian and the American from different points of view. The American profited by it, and therefore regards the swindle as justifiable; the Canadian lost, and still feels sore about it.

THE CANADIAN AND THE AMERICAN.

This transaction took place so long ago that it might have faded from the mind even of the Canadian before now but for the fact that he has been frequently reminded of it by other irritating aggressions. That the American does not read his own history aright is, I think, evidenced by the fact that, while he is aware that it was the coercive policy of England which drove him out of the Empire, he still hopes to force Canada into the Union by coercive measures.

"We have only to wait," said an American statesman, "and Canada will drop into our mouth like a ripe plum." But the American will not wait and the plum does not ripen. Probably the two countries were never nearer to each other than they were during the liberal policy of the United States from 1845 to 1859. Since the American Civil War the policy of America towards Canada has been aggressive in the extreme. The Americans have vented their rage at the alleged sympathy of England with the South, on Canada, and this injustice still continues. The United States closes its ports against Canadian fishermen, and Canada replies by insisting that American goods trains in transit over Canadian lines shall be sealed by Canadian as well as by American officials. Canada throws out feeders from her lines to tap the trade of the United States, and a cry is raised by the Americans that their country is being sacrificed to Canadian interests, while a demand is made for the abolition of the bonding system. America passes alien labour restriction laws, and Canada seizes American fishing boats and takes other retaliatory measures. Each country imposes strong "protective duties" on the products of the other, and so the fight goes on. It is a sorry spectacle from the Anglo-Saxon standpoint, as pitiful as a fight between two brothers. Here we see the Yank and the Canuck standing on either side of perhaps the most magnificent inland waterway in the world, nagging at each other during the week, while on Sunday each one retires to his respective church to sing—

How good and how pleasant when brethren agree,
Bound closely together in firm unity.

THE ANNEXATION OF CANADA

Whether such conduct is worthy of Anglo-Saxons we may leave the parties themselves to decide, But