by semicolons (b, c, d); after promissory words, phrases, and propositions (e. f, g, h):

(a)

(b)

There is a world above,

Where parting is unknown;

A whole eternity of love

Form'd for the good alone:

And faith beholds the dying here

Translated to that happier sphere.-Montgomery.

Four things which are not in thy treasury,

I lay before thee, Lord, with this petition:-
My nothingness, my wants,

My sins, and my contrition.—Southey.

(c) The improvement of the understanding is for two ends: first, for our own increase of knowledge; secondly, to enable us to deliver and make out that knowledge to others.-Locke.

(d) Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of the sovereign or state; servants of fame; and servants of business.-Bacon. (e) For of all sad words of tongue or pen,

The saddest are these: 'It might have been.'- Whittier. (f) For example: 'A man who has lost his eye-sight has in one sense less consciousness than he had before.'-Bain.

(g) So Bolingbroke exclaims in an invective against the times: 'But ali is little, and low, and mean among us.'-Ibid.

(h) This is the state of man: To-day he puts forth
The tender leaves of hope; to-morrow blossoms,
And bears his blushing honors thick upon him:
The third day comes a frost, a killing frost,
And,-when he thinks, good easy man, full surely
His greatness is a ripening,—nips his root,

And then he falls, as I do.-Shakespeare.

6. A semicolon is put between the larger divisions of a sentence when the minor divisions require to be marked only by comma's (a, b); sometimes between parts to which a comma would not seem to give due stress (c, d, e); between serial clauses or phrases having a common dependence (f, g); before an informal enumeration if the par

ticulars themselves require only a comma (h); before as preceding an illustrative example (i), but note (j):

(a) I am a fool, I know it; and yet, God help me, I'm poor enough to be a wit.—Congreve.

(b) What is liberty without wisdom and without virtue? It is the greatest of all possible evils; for it is folly, vice, and madness, without tuition or restraint.-Burke.

(c)

'Tis not the whole of life to live;

Nor all of death to die.-Montgomery.

(d) To adorn ideas with elegance is an act of the mind superior to that of receiving them; but to receive them with a happy discrimination is the effect of a practiced taste.-D'Israeli.

(e) Man passes away; his name perishes from record and recollection; his history is as a tale that is told, and his very monument becomes a ruin.—Irving.

(f) One would imagine that books were like women, the worse for being old; that they have a pleasure in being read for the first time; that they open their leaves more cordially; that the spirit of enjoyment wears out with the spirit of novelty; and that, after a certain age, it is high time to put them on the shelf.—Hazlitt.

(g) If he walks in the fields, he does not know the difference between barley, rye, and wheat; between rape and turnips; between lucerne and sainfoin; between natural and artificial grass.-London Times.

(h) There are two worlds; the world that we can measure with line and rule, and the world that we feel with our hearts and imaginations.-Leigh Hunt.

(i) The Verb requires the mention of a subject, and very often an object also; as, 'He comprehends the meaning.'-Bain.

(j) A Class Noun, as river, tree, city, denotes concrete objects.— Ibid.

7. A comma is used to separate grammatically independent elements from the context (a); to separate parenthetical or intermediate elements from the context (b, c, d, e, f); to separate appositional elements from the context (e, f, g); to separate contrasted elements from each other (h); to mark the omission of words (i, j); to set off

transposed elements (k, l); to set off direct quotations if short and informal, or if intermediate (m, n); after the logical subject if unusually long, if ending in a verb, if composed of a series of terms either unconnected or separated by commas (o, p); where the separation is not sufficiently great for the semicolon (7, "); wherever it serves to prevent ambiguity (s, t, u). No comma, in general, should be put between restrictive elements and that which they restrict (v, w, x).

(a) Acquit yourselves like men, my friends.-Bryant's Iliad. (b) Our being is made up of light and darkness, the Light acting on the Darkness, and balancing it.—Carlyle.

(c)

This earth, that bears thee dead,

Bears not alive so stout a gentleman.-Shakespeare.

(d) Words, at the touch of the poet, blossom into poetry.— Holmes.

(e) The brain of this foolish-compounded clay, man, is not able to invent anything that tends to laughter, more than I invent, or is invented on me.-Shakespeare.

(f) Time, the great destroyer of other men's happiness, only enlarges the patrimony of literature to its possessor.-D'Israeli.

(g) Measures, not men, have always been my mark.—Goldsmith. (h) I have had my foes, but none like thee.-Byron.

(i) Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.--Bacon.

(j) Bodily senses imply their objects - the eye, light; the ear, sound; the touch, the taste, the smell, things relative thereto.Parker.

He sat, and bleared his eyes with books.-Longfellow.

(7) In proportion as nations get more corrupt, more disgrace will attach to poverty and more respect to wealth.-Colton.

(m) Coleridge cried, 'Great God! how glorious it is to live!' Rénan asks, O God! when will it be worth while to live ?'—Ouida.

(n) In the sentence, Dissipation wastes health, as well as time,' the loose addition, as well as time, cannot deprive health of the stress that would naturally be put upon it.—Bain.

(0) Every human being whose mind is not debauched, will be willing to give all that he has to get knowledge.-Johnson.

(p) As for Baynard, neither his own good sense, nor the dread of indigence, nor the consideration of his children, has been of force sufficient to stimulate him.-Smollett.

(q) Love me little, love me long.-Marlowe.

(r) A man is first startled by sin; then it becomes pleasing, then easy, then delightful, then frequent, then habitual, then confirmed. Then man is impenitent, then obstinate, and then he is damned.— Jeremy Taylor.

(8)

Roses, and pinks, and violets, to adorn

The shrine of Flora in her early May.-Keats.

(f) I have often spoken to you upon matters kindred to, or at any rate not distantly connected with, my subject for Easter.-Helps.

(u) [Consider, also, the effect of omitting final comma in n, p.] (2) The fur that warms a monarch, warm'd a bear.-Pope. (w) There is a sweet joy which comes to us through sorrow.— Spurgeon.

That he is honest in the sacred cause.-Cowper.

The foregoing rules are general, and should be so regarded. It is important to bear in mind that marks. required on principle may be omitted if disagreeable or confusing; that obscurity should, above all things, be avoided; that good usage will often admit of a choice between two modes of indicating relations; that a period indicates the greatest separation, a colon a slighter break, a semicolon a still less one, and a comma the least.

8. The dash is used to indicate a break in the construction of a sentence (a); hesitation (b); a witty or striking transition (c, d); after a loose series of nominatives broken off and resumed in a new form (e, f); to enclose a parenthesis, either as more agreeable or as more emphatic

than curves (g); for rhetorical effect (h, i,j); between a side-head and the subject-matter (k); between a quoted passage and the authority for it. The dash is mainly rhetorical in its functions.

(a) All study is not reading, any more than all reading is study. By study I mean but let one of the noblest geniuses and hardest students of any age define it for me.-Everett.

eh! oh! as much exercise-eh !— as I can, Madam

(b) I take Gout.-Franklin.

(c) Oh! nature's noblest gift-my gray-goose quill!-Byron. (d) Julius Cæsar had his Brutus; Charles the First had his Cromwell; and George the Third — may profit by their example.— Patrick Henry.

(e) A sunny, cheerful view of life, resting on truth and fact, co-existing with practical aspiration ever to make things, men and self better than they are — - this is the true, healthful poetry of

existence.-Robertson.

(f) To honor God, to benefit mankind,

To serve with lofty gifts the lowly needs
Of the poor race for which the God-man died,
And do it all for love-oh this is great.-Holland.

might

(g) A young Levite — such was the phrase then in use be had for his board, a small garret, and ten pounds a year.Macaulay.

(h) I did not fall into love—I rose into love.—Bulwer.

(2)

The rolling mist came down and hid the land

And never home came she.-Kingsley.

(j) Men will wrangle for religion; write for it; fight for it; die for it; anything but - live for it.-Colton.

(k) [See Rule 2, c.]

9. Curves are used to enclose independent elements which violently break the unity of the context (a, b); dependent elements if desired to be read in a perceptible undertone,—a method of imparting emphasis (c, d, e). Matter within the curves will be punctuated as in any other position. Whatever point would be inserted be