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ORCHARD HOUSE, 2 & 4 GREAT SMITH ST.,

Removed from

12 and 14 King Street.

WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Opposite the WESTMINSTER PALACE
HOTEL, Victoria Street.

PUBLISHERS,

Parliamentary and General Booksellers,

BOOKBINDERS AND PRINTERS.

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OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS, &c., &c.

1. ARMY.

Special Lists of Parliamentary Papers from 1800 to 1897, on

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| 9. LABOUR.

10. COLONIES.

11. CHINA, JAPAN, SIAM.
12. BANKING, CURRENCY,

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

13. POOR.
14. NAVY, MERCHANT SHIPPING, &c.
15. MISCELLANEOUS.

16. RAILWAYS.

PUBLIC RECORDS, &c. |

All communications respecting Advertisements to be sent to
Mr. THOMAS MACVEAGH, 15 Montague Place, London, W.C.

RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BUNGAY.

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THE COMMERCIAL SUPREMACY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Prof. A. W. FLUX.

173

LOCAL FINANCE IN SCOTLAND. J. A. ROW-FOGO.

184

THE NEW BUDGET AND THE PRINCIPLES OF FINANCIAL POLICY. Prof. C. F. BASTABLE.

204

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POOR LAW STATISTICS AND OLD AGE PENSIONS. CHARLES
PENSIONS.
BOOTH

II. Reviews

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ODGERS' Local Government, 224: by F. W. Hirst; RICHMOND'S Friendly Visiting among the Poor, 226; The Children's Labour Question, 228; and BROWN'S Development of Thrift, 229: by Helen Bosanquet; DAVIDSON'S Bargain Theory of Wages. 229; and MACFARLANE'S Value and Distribution, 233: by Prof. Edgeworth; MABILLEAU'S Prévoyance Sociale en Italie; TEYSONNEAU'S Tableau Raisonné; ARENDT'S Economic Politique; NEYMARCK'S Vocabulaire; and APOSTOL'S Artèle, 236: by E. Castelot; WAXWEILER'S Participation aux Bénéfices, 238 by Prof. Ch. Gide; SELIGMAN'S Shifting and Incidence of Taxation, 240; DE VITI DE MARCO'S Saggi, 242; and AGNELLO'S Libero Scambio, 243: by Prof. C. F. Bastable: LORIA'S Costituzione Economica Odierna, 243; and MENGER'S Right to the Whole Produce of Labour, 246: by J. Bonar; BRENTANO'S Gesammelte Aufsätze, 248; by E. Schuster; KNAPP'S Grundherrschaft und Rittergut, 253; and COHN'S System der Nationalökonomie, 256: by Prof. W. J. Ashley; ROMANES' Betterment and Municipal Improvements, 260: by Edwin Cannan.

III. Notes and Memoranda—

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WOMEN COMPOSITORS AND THE FACTORY ACTS. L. BARBARA BRADLEY and
ANNE BLACK
SLATE CLUBS. EDITH M. deverell...
CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH SHOP ASSISTANTS WORK. MARGARET G. BOND-
FIELD ...
PROFESSOR SELIGMAN ON THE MATHEMATICAL METHOD IN POLITICAL
ECONOMY. Prof. F. Y. EDGEWORTH

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MORTALITY IN EXTREME OLD AGE. Prof. HARald westeRGAARD
THE ECONOMIC ASPECT OF AUSTRALIAN FEDERATION. A. DUCKWORTH 322
SOME RECENT PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS

THE REPORT OF THE INDIAN CURRENCY COMMITTEE

IV. Current Topics .

V. Recent Periodicals and New Books

London

MACMILLAN AND

CO., LIMITED

NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

Price Five Shillings net

All communications respecting Advertisements to be sent to
Mr. THOS. MACVEAGH, 15 Montague Place, London, W.C.

328

329

330

342

RS AND PUBLISHERS.

P. S. KING & SUIT,

ORCHARD HOUSE, 2 & 4 GREAT SMITH ST.,

Removed from 12 and 14 King Street.

WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Opposite the WESTMINSTER PALACE
HOTEL, Victoria Street.

PUBLISHERS,

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HON. WILLIAM PEMBER REEVES,

AGENT GENERAL FOR NEW ZEALAND.

Large Octavo (8) by 5). With Maps (including Specially constructed Map of the Maori Wars), many illustrations and portraits, and ornamental devices from Maori designs.

PRICE SIX SHILLINGS

NET.

Containing chapters on the Maori, the Navigators, Gibbon Wakefield, the New Zealand Wars, the Gold Digging, the Public Works Policy,

Experiments in Legislation, &c.

The Athenæum says: Beautifully got-up and i.lustrated. ably fine study of the character of Sir George Grey.

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Among the special merits is a remark-
Will be of great

London says: The best work on New Zealand that has appeared in this country. service in informing the people of this country of the object-lessons in democratic experiments which are being worked out in one of the youngest of our colonies.

The Daily News says: In all the very considerable literature dealing with these wild and magnificent islands in the South Pacific, we know no single volume which is so eminently readable or so likely to be useful in creating an interest in them.

Literature says: New Zealand at last possesses a history that is not a dry chronicle of events, but is a vivid, brilliant representation of the actual life of the colony, by one who in the past has played, and we hope in the future has still to play, no inconsiderable part in its history.

The Daily Chronicle says: He knows New Zealand not as a student merely, but with the intimacy of one who has taken, and is taking, a leading part in its affairs. In the Long White Cloud he has given us what is out and away the best book on New Zealand. His work must rank as the most graphic description

of the varied and magnificent scenery of New Zealand.

London: HORACE MARSHALL & SON.

All communications respecting Advertisements to be sent to
Mr. THOS. MACVEAGH, 15 Montague Place, London, W.C

THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL

JUNE, 1899

OUR ANNUAL MEETING.

THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the BRITISH ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION was held at 9, Adelphi Terrace, W.C., on Wednesday, the 22nd March, to elect the officers of the Association and to receive the Report of the Auditors.

The following Members of the Council who retired by rotation were re-elected: Mr. Ernest Aves, Prof. C. F. Bastable, Major P. G. Craigie, the Rev. Prof. Cunningham, Prof. F. Y. Edgeworth, Sir Robert Giffen, Mr. Henry Higgs, Prof. J. K. Ingram, the Rev. L. R. Phelps, and Mr. John Rae.

The dinner of the Association was held in the evening at the Westminster Palace Hotel. Sir Robert Giffen took the chair, and among those present were Lady Giffen, Prof. W. J. Ashley and Mrs. Ashley, Mr. W. M. Acworth, Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Bateman, Prof. Edgeworth, Miss M. A. Ellis, Prof. Foxwell, Mr. F. C. Harrison, Prof. Hewins, Mr. Higgs, Mrs. Birkbeck Hill, Mr. F. W. Lawrence, Mr. L. Magnus, Sir W. Markby, Mr. G. T. Pilcher, Mr. L. L. Price, Mr. L. C. Probyn, Mr. D. Renton, Mr. D. F. Schloss, Mr. P. Selby, Mr. W. T. Shaw, Prof. J. Westlake, and Mr. R. D. Wilson.

After dinner, Prof. Ashley delivered an address (see next page). A vote of thanks was moved to Prof. Ashley by Sir R. Giffen, seconded by Mr. Bateman, and carried by acclamation. The rest of the evening was given up to conversation.

No. 34.-VOL. IX.

M

AMERICAN TRUSTS.1

ALTHOUGH a subject of Her Britannic Majesty, I have, for the last few years, been entrusted with a share in the teaching work of a great American university; and, before that, I acted for some time in a like capacity in one of the universities of Canada, a country whose economic conditions present in some respects a close similarity to those of the neighbouring republic. It has accordingly been suggested that some American topic would not be inappropriate as my theme this evening; and it has even been intimated that some observations on the subject of "Trusts," which are now engaging so much attention on both sides of the Atlantic, would not be unwelcome to this assembly.

I cannot, indeed, profess to have myself investigated in any detail the actual working of any of the great organisations known by that name. My sources of information are the books and articles accessible to any student of economics. But to have lived for ten years in the economic and psychological atmosphere of America may perhaps enable one, in some measure, to disentangle the larger and deeper forces which are at work from the merely superficial; and American phenomena may, perhaps, gain in significance when they are compared with like movements on this side of the Atlantic. I shall limit my field by omitting from consideration combinations or monopolies of a purely commercial or speculative character, like the recent Leiter corner in wheat, important as they are; and I shall confine myself to industrial combinations-combinations, that is, entered into by companies or individuals themselves engaged in production.

A dozen years ago the American public suddenly awoke to the fact that the supply of some of the commodities of com1 An address at the annual dinner of the British Economic Association, on March 22, 1899.

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