542

TRANSFERRED TO
MARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY
JUL 1 1929

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by

H. C. CAREY,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of

Pennsylvania.

THE AUTHOR TO THE READER.

THIS volume having been written two years since, and being now printed as it then was written, the facts and figures here given as of the present, are those of 1856 — the anticipations of the future being, in like manner, those which the author held to be legitimate deductions from then existing facts. Many of them have since been verified, while others are in course of being so-all the phenomena of the eventful period that since has passed, being in precise accordance with the views here published.

PHILADELPHIA, September, 1858.

(vii)

CONTENTS

ОР

VOL. II.

CHAPTER XX.

OF VITAL CHANGES IN THE FORM OF MATTER.

1. Irregularity in the demand for the powers of the early settler, and conse-

quent waste of force. Economy of force resulting from increased ability to

command the services of nature. The greater the economy, the more rapid

is the development of the Man, and the greater the tendency to further in-

crease of wealth. The more perfect the power of association, the greater is

the economy of human force......

2. The greater that economy, the larger is the proportion of the labor

employed, that may be given to the development of the powers of the earth,

and towards augmentation of the quantity of rude products. Gradual changes

in the proportions borne by the forces that are employed, to those which are

3. The more continuous the demand for labor, the larger is the supply of the

raw materials of food and clothing. The larger that supply, the greater is

the power of association, and the more continuous the demand for human

force

24. Changes in the proportions of society, resulting from increase in the

power of association and combination

5. The nearer the place of conversion to that of production, the greater is

the power of combination, and the more perfect the economy of the human

forces. The greater that economy, the more general becomes the develop-

ment of individuality, the larger is the production, and the more rapid the

process of accumulation

26. Agriculture, being the pursuit that requires the largest amount of know-

ledge, is, therefore, latest in its development. That it may be developed,

the earth must have returned to it the refuse of its products. That they

may be so returned, the place of conversion must be near the place of pro-

VOL. II.-1
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PAGE

17

19

21

21

23

duction. The closer their approximation, the m re perfect is the facility of

combination, and the greater the economy of human force.

27. Difficulty of combiration ameng a purely agricultural people. Slavery

of the labourer its necessary consequer.ce.

28. As employments become diversified, the circulation becomes more rapid,

labour is economized, agriculture is developed, and man beec mes more free.

Commerce grows with the growth of differences among men, and the conse-

quent increase in the freedom of man

9. The farmer near to market, always making a machine: the one distant

from it, always destroying one. With the one, labour and its products are,

daily, more and more economized. With the other, the waste increases from

day to day man's progress, in whatsoever direction, being one of constant

acceleration.....

10. The more perfect the economy of human force, resulting from the cre-

ation of a domestic market, the greater is the power to maintain commerce

with distant men

11. Gambling character of the labors of the field, where the market is dis-

tant. Diminution of risk, resulting from the approximation of the con-

sumer and the producer.........................

12. Modern English economists teach, that agriculture is the least productive

of the pursuits of man. Wide difference between their system, and that of

Adam Smith.............................................

13. Human progress in the direct ratio borne by the demand for capital in

the form of Man, to that for capital in the form of commodities required for

the production of men. The less continuous the societary motion, the greater

is the waste of human force, and the more rapid the decline in the value

of man
..... 38

14. Social phenomena observed in Ireland, India, and other countries, in

which the consumer and producer are becoming more widely separated...... 40

15. British system looks to the separation of the consumers and producers

of the world to the consequent destruction of agriculture—and to the ele-

vation of trade at the expense of commerce. Hence it is, that it has given

rise to the theory of over-population. Resistance thereto, by all the advan-

cing communities of the world

41

CHAPTER XXI.

THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED.

1. Constant alliance between war and trade, as exhibited in the history of

France. Poverty and dishonesty of its sovereigns

43

2. Uniform tendency of its policy, prior to the days of Colbert, towards

giving to trade the mastery over commerce..........

44

3. Obstacles standing in the way of domestic commerce. Tendency of Col-

bert's measures, that of increasing the rapidity of the societary movement..

45