more free, as employments become more and more diversified. Whenever, on the contrary, manufactures decline — whenever the artisan and the miner become more and more separated from the farmer and the planter- the separation is followed by a rapid diminution of the quantity of physical and mental effort that can be given to the development of the powers of the earth, with corresponding increase in the disturbing forces above referred to. Then it is that agriculture-ceasing to be a science-passes into the hands of slaves, as is shown in the history of Greece and Italy in ancient times, and Portugal, Turkey, the Carolinas, and India, in modern ones. Without difference there can be no association, no commerce; and without diversity of employments. there can be no other differences than those we see to have existed in the early and barbarous ages of society. Let there be differences, and let commerce grow, and the value of commodities will be found steadily to decline, with correspondent growth in the utility of the materials of which they are composed, and in the value and freedom of man.

The mechanic having skilled labor to sell obtains high wages; whereas, the man who cultivates the earth has unskilled labor to dispose of, and is everywhere almost, even when not quite, a slave; and yet, the pursuit requiring the highest degree of knowledge, and paying best for it, is that of agriculture. Why such is, and has been, the case, is, that, in almost all countries, the policy pursued has favored the establishment of centralization, and the consolidation of power in great trading cities; while it has been adverse to the creation of those local centres required for the maintenance of commerce.

9. The skilled agriculturalist is perpetually making a machine. -utilizing material that has heretofore been unavailable for the purposes of man; and the sum of the utilities thus developed is found in the increased return to his labor, and in the augmented value of the land. Ploughing deeply, he enables the superficial and lower soils to combine themselves together; and the more perfect the combination, the larger is his reward. Draining his land, he enables the water to pass rapidly through it; and the result is found in large additions to his crops. At one time he raises the marl with which he covers the surface; and, at another, quarries the

limestone by help of which he is enabled to lighten up his heavy soils and diminish his risk, from excessive rain at one moment, or from drought at another; and in every case, the more he takes from his land, the larger is the quantity of manure he can return to it, provided the market is near at hand.

With every stage of progress in this direction, the various utilities of the raw materials of the neighborhood become more and more developed; and with each he finds an increase of wealth. The new mill requires granite, and the houses for the workmen require bricks and lumber; and now the rock of the mountain side, the clay of the river bottom, and the timber with which they have so long been covered, acquire value in the eyes of all around him. The granite dust of the quarry is found useful in his garden enabling him to furnish the cabbages, the beans, the peas, and the smaller fruits for the supply of the neighboring workmen. The glass-works need sand, and the glass-makers require peaches and apples; and the more numerous the men who make the glass, the greater is the facility for returning the manure to the land, and increasing the crops of corn. On one hand he has a demand for potash, and on another for madder. The woollen manufacturer asks for teazles, and the maker of brooms urges him to extend the cultivation of the corn of which the brooms are made. The basketmakers, and the gunpowder manufacturers, are claimants for the produce of his willows; and thus does he find, that diversity of employment among those around him produces diversity in the demands for his physical and intellectual powers, and for the use of the soil at the various seasons of the year- with constant increase in the present reward of labor, and constant augmentation in the powers, and in the value, of his land.*

*The following scraps are given as specimens of increase in the productiveness of agriculture resulting from diversity in the demands for the products of the land:

"A friend of mine, a native of New Hampshire, now residing in Boone county, Kentucky, has several acres devoted to the cultivation of osiers, the land being of little value for any other purpose. The business is carried on by a few families of Germans, on shares,' and the proprietor told me, last summer, that his share of the annual profit was over two hundred dollars per acre."-Correspondence of the New York Tribune.

"Mr. Sidney H. Owens, who purchased Winchester's Island, containing 80 acres, for $6000, a few months ago, has realized half that sum from his crop of broom corn this season. Mr. H. had 60 acres under cultivation, from which he realized 40,000 pounds of broom straw, and sold it at prices varying from $7.50 to $10 per hundred — averaging full $8, which rakes

Nothing, we may be well assured, grows in vain; but in order that the utility of the various products of the earth may be developed there must be association; and that there cannot be when employments are not diversified.* When they are, every thing is from day to day more and more utilized.† The straw that would otherwise be wasted becomes paper, and the shavings of the tree counteract the deficiency in the supply of rags with constant increase in the value of land, and in the rewards of those employed in the development of its powers.

Directly the reverse of all this becomes obvious as the consumer is more and more removed from the producer, and as the power of association declines. The madder, the teazle, the broom corn, and the osier cease to be required; and the granite, the clay, and

the gross sum of $3200. In addition to this, he has gathered about 3000 bushels of seed, worth 25 cents per bushel, or $750 for the lot; which makes almost $4000 for the produce of only sixty acres !"- Fredericksburg Herald.

"Mr. Thomas Harris, who resides on Magazine Street, has a spot of ground, containing four square rods, which he has devoted to the culture of the rhubarb or pie-plant. From this little bed he has already realized $40 the present season, and will sell at least $10 worth more — thus realizing at the rate of $2000 per acre from his land.”—Cambridge (Mass.) Chronicle.

"A farmer in Beverly, last year, raised, on 24 acres of land, 18,000 cabbages per acre, the net receipts of which averaged him $450. Another farmer, in Danvers, cultivated an acre of land with sage, and realized the handsome profit of $400. The cultivation of onions in this latter town gives employment to many hands, and is the source of large profits."-The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil.

*

We understand that an enterprising German is about to secure a patent for his discovery of flax, or its equivalent, in fifteen different kinds of common weeds. The discovery is to be turned to account in the manufacture of numerous articles of which flax is the principal, but especially in the manufacture of paper, which is a matter of deep interest just now to the publishing world, the scarcity of rags being a great embarrassment to business."- National Intelligencer.

"Messrs. Ingham & Beesley have established a manufactory at Goshen, New Jersey, comprising a steam-mill, and complete apparatus for crushing, drying, &c., the king crabs' that abound upon our sea-coast, and have heretofore been considered as nearly worthless. These crabs are pulverized, and absorbents and deodorizers added to preserve the substance from decomposition. Crabs, in a crude state, have long been used by Cape May farmers with great success. This preparation, however, being finer, will act with greater facility and require much smaller quantities, as it contains some of the most valuable constituents of guano; and will bear transportation, as it can be kept any length of time."-New York Tribune.

"Dr. Elwyn laid before the Society samples of dust from the flues at the foundery of Mr. Charles S. Smith. This dust collected in large quantities, both from the anthracite and bituminous coal fires. It had been spread on land, and was believed to possess about one-half the fertilizing powers of guano." ."— Transactions Ag. Soc. Penna.

the sand, continue to remain where nature had placed them. The motion of society-commerce declines, and with that decline we witness a stoppage in the motion of matter, with constantly increasing waste of the powers of man and of the great machine given by the Creator for his use. His time is wasted, because he has no choice in the employment of his land. He must raise wheat, or cotton, or sugar, or some other commodity of which the yield is small, and which will, therefore, bear carriage to the distant. market. He neglects his fruit-trees, and his potatoes are given to the hogs. He wastes his rags and his straw, because there is no paper-mill at hand. His forest-trees he destroys, that he may obtain a trifle in exchange for the ashes they thus are made to yield. His cotton-seed wastes upon the ground; or he destroys the fibre of the flax that he may sell the seed.* Not only does he sell his wheat in a distant market, and thus impoverish his land, but so does he also, with the very bones of the animals that have been fattened with his corn. The yield, therefore, regularly decreases in quantity, with constant increase in the risk of danger from changes of the weather, because of the necessity for dependence on a single crop; and with equally constant diminution in the powers of the man who cultivates it-until at length he finds himself a slave not only to nature, but to those of his fellow-men whose physical powers are greater than his own. That it is population which makes the food come from the rich soils, and enables men to obtain wealth-or power to command the various forces of nature is a truth the evidence of which may be found in every page of history; and equally true is it, that in order to the cultivation of those soils, there must be that development of the latent powers of man which can be found in those communities only, in which employments are diversified.

It is certainly a curious contrast, that, on one side, British India is exporting £300,000 worth of flaxseed, and throwing away £500,000 of fibre; on the other, Ireland is raising to the value of £2,000,000 of flax-fibre, and rotting in the steep-pools £500,000 worth of seed! It is Russia alone that has been benefiting by the ignorance of the Hindoo ryot, and the prejudices and carelessness of the Irish farmer. Not a particle of the valuable plant is allowed by her nobles to go to waste. She sells us to the value of £3,000,000 of fibre and £900,000 of seed each year, and does not even take our manufactures in return."-Belfast Mercury.

"Not a month passes that there is not in the harbor of New York or Boston a ship loading with bones for England; the result is seen in the decrease of American wheat from 30 to 12 bushels per acre, and the increase of English from 11 to 43.”—Agriculturist.

§ 10. The power to maintain commerce, both abroad and at home, increases with every increase in the value of man, and every decline in the value of the commodities required for his use. The wool and the corn become cloth; but that they may do so, it is required that the manufacturer should have coloring matters and bleaching powders, acids and alkalies; and that he may have these he must seek abroad the logwood of Honduras, the indigo of India, and the sulphur of Sicily or Naples. The farmer of the North requires the sugar of the South, and the planter of the tropical regions requires the wheat of the temperate ones; and the more the bulk of these commodities can be reduced, the greater must be commerce. That it may be so, there must be diversity of employments the refiner of sugar and the grinder of wheat taking their places by the side of the men who cultivate the sugarcane and raise the corn.

With the growth of wealth and power, there is, therefore, increased ability to maintain commerce with distant men; but, the more the wealth, the greater is the effort for extending commerce at home. As the powers of the earth are more developed, new commodities are everywhere being naturalized -wheat taking the place of rye, and rye that of oats; while the mulberry replaces the oak, and the silkworm the hog which had fed upon its fruits. The potato passes from west to east, and the peach from east to west; the Cashmere goat is naturalized in Carolina, and the Alpaca is transferred to the hills of France; and every change thus effected tends towards annihilation of the time and space intervening between the producer and the consumer-attended with diminution in the proportion of the labor of man required to be given to the work of effecting changes of place, and increase in that which may be given to increasing the quantity, and improving the quality, of the products of the earth.*

"Civilization procures us the sight of an incredible number of plants which we should never otherwise see in our houses. Without civilization, we might certainly see beeches or oaks, perhaps finer than at present, but we should not see the fir, the pine, the larch, the acacia, and the plane; we should indeed have the hawthorn and hazel-bushes, but not the flowering shrubs and bushes which now adorn our pleasure-gardens. We should not see the blossoming peach or apricot trees, nor their fruit; we should be destitute of the whole of the large foreign flora, which enlivens us and produces so many enjoyments, so much variety, in our gardens and rooms, not tʊ