wheelwrights, and as it is a form that is subjected to hard usage, the retaining clamp which is bolted to the bench in the customary manner is re-enforced by a heavy ball end supporting foot which rests on the floor. This form of vise is carried out further from the bench than the other types shown, because a blacksmith must handle long pieces of iron or steel and bend them at various angles.

The use of the pillar for supporting the vise structure is made necessary because the work is often subjected to heavy blows in the various smithing operations. The Columbian is usually included as forge equipment and is used at the blacksmith's bench.

The Oswego and Saunders are forms of vises used only for holding pipes and rods. These employ toothed jaws which may be adjusted in the frame to accommodate various sizes of pipe. The Oswego vise frame is made in such a way that a long piece of pipe may be held by opening up the frame and slipping the pipe in place between the jaws through the opening provided. In the Saunders vise it is necessary to put the pipe in end first which may be inconvenient when long lengths of pipe having fittings on it is to be handled. Of those shown, three forms should be included in the equipment of every repair shop, these being the types represented by the Prentice, Columbian and Oswego.

Another item of bench equipment of value is the straight edge shown at Fig. 10, B. This is a very useful tool in the automobile repair shop, as it is widely used in testing alinement of the various. units, straightness of frame members or tubes and for all purposes where comparison must be made with a perfectly true smooth and straight line. The form shown is made of cast iron of arch construction and with a perforated web in order to obtain maximum strength without too much weight. Another item of shop equipment is the surface plate which is shown at Fig. 10, C. These are made of cast iron, well ribbed at the back for rigidity and with the top surface planed accurately. A surface plate is used somewhat as a straight edge is and is a form of gauge very useful in determining flatness of surfaces. The bench equipment. also should include a variety of metal hand clamps, two forms of which are shown at Fig. 10. The two screw type having parallel

jaws is shown at D, while a C clamp is outlined at E. Clamps are very useful in holding parts together temporarily that are to be fastened by some permanent means. They are useful adjuncts to the bench vise and have the added advantage that they can be moved when pieces are to be held against members that it would be difficult to hold in the vise. For example, in fastening various irons and braces to an automobile frame, the clamps are invaluable as a temporary means of keeping the members together while drilling for the permanent bolts is going on. Many of the repair operations to be described call for the use of clamps as shown.

Assembling Room Furniture.-There are a number of articles. of equipment or furniture that are very useful on the assembling floor. That shown at Fig. 12, A, is a bench constructed of heavy timbers of such a form that it is well adapted to support automobile engines when these are removed from the car frame. A bench of this construction is also of value for supporting the various crank case components when work is being done on them that requires that they should be held level and securely. In the illustration a portion of a crank case is shown in such a position that work may be done upon the bearings. The simple supporting fixture shown at B is exceptionally useful for holding automobile rear axles. It is of approximately T form, being composed of two pieces of planks and three uprights well braced with iron bars and mounted on casters so the load may be moved with but little effort. The form of bench used and its actual construction will, of course, depend upon the type of axle that is to be supported. The member shown is intended for torque tube axles.

Another very useful piece of furniture is a trestle or horse such as shown at C which forms a good means of support for some of the parts when these are removed from the car chassis. A pair of these trestles should be included in the garage equipment as they can be used together to support a front or rear axle, engine, automobile frame and other bulky objects. The form outlined is a folding steel construction which occupies but little space when knocked down. It is strong, light, and fire-proof, all very good. features in garage equipment. The workman engaged in floor work is often handicapped by not having some means of keeping

tools and small parts off the floor when working away from the bench. The metal table shown at D is very well adapted for the individual workman's use, as it is provided with a drawer in which tools may be locked and also with a substantial metal top and shelf on which work may be done. The table is mounted on wheels and may be easily moved, even when loaded to capacity. Another useful adjunct to the assembling department equipment is shown at E. This is a cast iron bench having a vise attached and mounted on a tripod which offers a substantial foundation. There is a compartment immediately below the bench top for holding tools and a shelf above the floor that may be utilized for the same purpose. The table shown at D when fitted with a rack at the side and back is also well adapted for use in the forge room, as it will hold all of the blacksmith's tools and cannot be set afire by a piece of hot iron as a wooden bench is. The addition of the rack makes it possible to carry the assortment of tongs usually found at the forge.

Three forms of wheeled trucks are shown at F, G and II. That at F is a low framework that may be boarded over and used for conveying heavy parts from one end of the shop to the other or that can be used just as shown for conveying axles, engines and gear boxes which are of irregular form and which could not be conveniently carried by a platform. The truck shown at G is made of pipe fittings and is used for supporting automobile frames when the springs and axles have been removed. As this is provided with wheels it can be easily moved with its burden as desired. The cast iron stand at H was designed especially for handling transmission gear boxes in a service garage where one particular make of car was looked after exclusively. As designed it was only suitable for use with the gear box found in this car. By being slightly modified to the extent of having adjustable brace members joining the two sides it could be used to advantage for a variety of purposes. The small wheel truck shown at I is known as a 'creeper" and serves to keep the workmen off the floor when working underneath a car. This is provided with a head rest at one end and it may be easily moved about without the workman using it getting up from his reclining position. These trucks are

sometimes provided with a shelf at one side to support tools and to insure that these will move whenever the operator does. The various pieces of furniture outlined will be susceptible to various changes that will adapt them to the specific work in hand, and a repair shop of any pretentions will be able to use all of the furniture shown to good advantage.

Construction and Size of Pits.-The back shop shown at Fig. 3, A, has two pits, and the arrangement of the work benches can be seen. At the end of the short bench placed against the boiler room wall is a pipe vise, while at regular intervals along the benches are placed strong swivel vises. This bench is 30 inches deep, about 36 inches high, of rough construction, and built very heavy to stand abuse. The pits are four and one-half feet deep, three and one-half feet wide and 11 feet long. They are lined with heavy planking, and stairs permit the workmen to descend and ascend without effort. Along the side walls of the pits and about two and one-half feet above the bottom, two pieces of two by four scantling are fastened, these to support a board that may be moved from one end of the pit to the other, as a seat for a workman. With more general use of the motor truck it will be well to install a larger and shallower pit, as the mechanisms of these vehicles are carried higher than in the conventional touring car. Such a pit should be about three and one-half feet deep, four feet wide and 14 feet long. The edges of all pits should be sharply defined by a surrounding frame of two by four scantling, this being a guard to prevent the wheels rolling into the pit while manoeuvering a car about it.

The view at Fig. 8 shows the depth of the pit with an operator standing upright and also depicts clearly the frame work around the pit to guide the car wheels. The amount of space allowed between the edge of the pit and the workbench is also depicted. In some shops it is customary to have a pit cover made in sections so that when only one end of a car is to be worked on but a portion of the pit is used, the remainder being covered by one section of boarding to prevent the workmen at the bench from falling into the pit. In some shops the electric wiring is run to the pit interior and ends in a plug socket so that a drop light or extension cord may be connected without the necessity of having a long length of wire