ment of various cars are shown in group at Fig. 51. This group includes all of the tools necessary to complete a very practical kit and it is not unusual for the floor man who is continually dismantling and erecting cars to possess even a larger assortment than indicated. The small bench vise provided is a useful auxiliary that can be clamped to the running board of the car and should have jaws at least three inches wide and capable of opening four or five inches. It is especially useful in that it will save trips to the bench vises and can also be carried as part of the tool equipment by the motorist to advantage, as it has adequate capacity to handle practically any of the small parts that need to be worked on when making repairs. A blow torch, tinner's snips and soldering copper are very useful in sheet metal work and in making any repairs requiring the use of solder. The torch can be used in any operation requiring a source of heat. The large box wrench shown under the vise is used for removing the wheel hub cap and sometimes has one end of the proper size to fit the valve chamber cap. The piston ring removers are easily made from thin strips of sheet metal securely brazed or soldered to a light wire handle. These are used in sets of three for removing and applying piston rings in a manner to be indicated in the next chapter. The uses of the wrenches, screw drivers, and pliers shown are known to all and the variety outlined should be sufficient for all ordinary work of restoration. The wrench equipment is very complete including a set of open end S-wrenches to fit all standard bolts, a spanner wrench, socket or box wrenches for bolts that are inaccessible with the ordinary type, adjustable end wrenches, a thin monkey wrench of medium size, a bicycle wrench for handling small nuts and bolts, a Stillson wrench for pipe and a large adjustable monkey wrench for the stubborn fastenings of large size.

Three different types of pliers are shown, one being a parallel jaw type with size cutting attachment, while the other illustrated near it is a combination parallel jaw type adapted for use on round work as well as in handling flat stock. The most popular form of pliers is the combination pattern shown beneath the socket wrench set. This is made of substantial drop forgings having a hinged joint that can be set so that a very wide opening at the

jaws is possible. These can be used on round work and for wire cutting as well as for handling flat work.

A very complete set of files, including square, half round,

Fig. 52.-Forms of Hammers Suitable for the Automobile Repairman's Tool Kit.

mill, flat bastard, three-cornered and rat tail are also necessary. A hacksaw frame and a number of saws, some with fine teeth for tubing and others with coarser teeth for bar or solid stock will

be found almost indispensable. A complete punch and, chisel set should be provided, samples of which are shown in the group while the complete outfit is outlined in another illustration. A number of different forms and sizes of chisels are necessary, as one type is not suitable for all classes of work. The adjustable end wrenches can be used in many places where a monkey wrench cannot be fitted and where it will be difficult to use a wrench having a fixed opening. The Stillson pipe wrench is useful in turning studs, round rods, and pipes that cannot be turned by any other means. A complete shop kit must necessarily include various sizes of Stillson and monkey wrenches, as no one size can be expected to handle the wide range of work the repairman must cope with. Three sizes of each form of wrench can be used, one, a 6 inch, is as small as is needed while a 12 inch tool will handle almost any piece of pipe or nut used in a motor car.

For large work a 16 inch or 18 inch Stillson will be found of value.

Two or three sizes of hammers should be provided, according to individual requirement, these being small riveting, medium and heavyweight machinist's hammers. A very practical tool of this nature for the repair shop is shown at Fig. 52, A, as it can be used as a hammer, screw driver or tire iron. It is known as the "Spartan" hammer and is a tool steel drop forging in one piece having the working surfaces properly hardened and tempered while the metal is distributed so as to give a good balance to the head and a comfortable grip to the handle. The hammer head provides a positive and comfortable T-handle when the tool is used as a screw driver or tire iron. Machinist's hammers are provided with three types of heads, these being of various weights. That at B, is the form most commonly used and is termed the "ball pein" on account of the shape of the portion used for riveting. The straight pein shown at C, is just the same as the cross pein shown at D, except that in the latter the straight portion is at right angles to the hammer handle, while in the former it is parallel to that member.

A self-adjusting monkey wrench which is known as the "speed nut" is shown at Fig. 52, E. The act of pulling on the handle. tightens the wrench on the nut by means of a rack which is formed

integral with the movable jaw and a portion of a pinion meshing with it at the end of the handle. Pulling on the handle tightens the wrench on the nut and the harder one pulls, the more securely the nut is gripped. As moving the handle in the opposite direction spreads the jaws apart, a sort of a ratchet action is possible if the

handle is alternately pulled and pushed, rendering it unnecessary to take the wrench off and secure a new hold on the nut or bolt head for each turn. The wrench is composed of only three pieces and the smallest size will fit nuts varying from 1/4-inch to 34-inch. In order to unscrew a nut it is necessary to turn the wrench over so the handle will be pulled in the opposite direction to that used in screwing the nut down. This insures a secure grip in either case and permits of a ratchet motion without setting any trip or pawl. The hacksaw frame shown at Fig. 51, is a solid type adapted only to take one length of blade. As hacksaw blades are made in varying lengths it may be possible that a longer one than that frame was made for would be the only thing available. In such a case the adjustable hacksaw frame shown at Fig. 52, F, would permit of using a longer saw blade by merely extending the frame as far as is necessary.

Wrenches have been made in infinite variety and there are a score or more patterns of different types of adjustable socket and off-set wrenches. The various wrench types that differ from the more conventional monkey wrenches or those of the Stillson pattern are shown at Fig. 53. The "perfect handle" is a drop forged open end form provided with a wooden handle similar to that used on a monkey wrench in order to provide a better grip for the hand. The "Saxon" wrench is a double alligator form, so called because the jaws are in the form of a V-groove having one size of the V plain, while the other is serrated in order to secure a tight grip on round objects. In the form shown, two jaws of varying sizes are provided, one for large work, the other to handle the smaller rods. One of the novel features in connection with this wrench is the provision of a triple die block in the centre of the handle which is provided with three most commonly used of the standard threads including 5/16-inch-18, 3-inch-16, and 1-inch13. This is useful in cleaning up burred threads on bolts before. they are replaced, as burring is unavoidable if it has been necessary to drive them out with a hammer. The "Lakeside" wrench has an adjustable pawl engaging with one of a series of notches by which the opening may be held in any desired position.

Ever, since the socket wrench was invented it has been a popular form because it can be used in many places where the ordinary open end or monkey wrench cannot be applied owing to lack of room for the head of the wrench. A typical set which has been made to fit in a very small space is shown at D. It consists of a handle, which is nickel plated and highly polished, a long extension bar, a universal joint and a number of case hardened cold drawn steel sockets to fit all commonly used standard nuts and bolt heads. Two screw driver bits, one small and the other large to fit the handle and a long socket to fit spark plugs are also included in this outfit. The universal joint permits one to remove nuts in a position that would be inaccessible to any other form of wrench, as it enables the socket to be turned even if the handle is at one side of an intervening obstruction.

The "Pick-up" wrench shown at E, is used for spark plugs and the upper end of the socket is provided with a series of grooves