The Science of FinanceUniversity of Chicago Press, 1895 - 800 стор. |
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administration Adolph Wagner afford aggregate amount assessment burden cadaster Cameralists canton canton of Zurich cent century character citizens civil class tax commonwealth concept consequence considerable constitution consumption taxes contrast contribution course demands discussion domains duty economic equity establishments estates excise exemption existing expediency expenditures expenses Finanzwissenschaft fiscal forms of taxation France German German Empire hand importance income tax increase indirect taxes individual industrial institutions justice labor land levied Lorenz von Stein matter means ment method million marks modern monopoly nature necessary object organization payment pecuniary Physiocrats political practical present principle progressive progressive taxation property tax Prussia public economy purpose question receipts regards relation result revenue royalty Science of Finance secs self-government serve single tax social tax legislation tax system taxes on consumption taxpayer thalers theory tion tobacco Zollverein
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Сторінка 528 - A direct tax is one which is demanded from the very persons who, it is intended or desired, should pay it. Indirect taxes are those which are demanded from one person in the expectation and intention that he shall indemnify himself at the expense of another: such as the excise or customs.
Сторінка 530 - The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities ; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.
Сторінка 530 - Every tax ought to be so contrived as both to take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people as little as possible, over and above what it brings into the public treasury of the State.
Сторінка 534 - Every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner in which it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it.
Сторінка 230 - ... right to insist upon. The contribution to the sinking fund which furnishes the occasion for expenditure in the purchase of bonds has been already made for the current year, so that there is no outlet in that direction. In the present state of legislation the only pretense of any existing executive power to restore at this time any part of our surplus revenues to the people by its expenditure consists in the supposition that the Secretary of the Treasury may enter the market and purchase the bonds...
Сторінка 535 - An injudicious tax offers a great temptation to smuggling. But the penalties of smuggling must rise in proportion to the temptation. The law, contrary to all the ordinary principles of justice, first creates the temptation, and then punishes those who yield to it ; and it commonly enhances the punishment, too, in proportion to the very circumstance which ought certainly to alleviate it, the temptation to commit the crime.
Сторінка 228 - American fairness and justice. This wrong inflicted upon those who bear the burden of national taxation, like other wrongs, multiplies a brood of evil consequences. The public Treasury, which should only exist as a conduit conveying the people's tribute to its legitimate objects of expenditure...
Сторінка 530 - The tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain and not arbitrary.
Сторінка 229 - On the 3oth day of June, 1885, the excess of revenues over public expenditures, after complying with the annual requirement of the sinkingfund act, was $17,859,735.84; during the year ended June 30, 1886, such excess amounted to $49,405,545.20, and during the year ended June 30, 1887, it reached the sum of $55,567,849.54.
Сторінка 228 - To the Congress of the United States: You are confronted at the threshold of your legislative duties with a condition of the national finances which imperatively demands immediate and careful consideration. The amount of money annually exacted, through the operation of present laws, from the industries and necessities of the people largely exceeds the sum necessary to meet the expenses of the Government. When we consider that the theory of our institutions guarantees to every citizen the full enjoyment...