acts on one brush and the negative on the other, and the two currents go forth in the wire of the line,

This

graphing :

The telegram is placed in the machine, the cylinder turns, and the dispatch runs unaided on the line. Upon arrival, the current enters the receiving telephone, the positive attracting the telephone plate on one side and the negative on the other. Under this double influence, the plate oscillates and vibrates, but so slightly that the oscillation can not be utilized directly, so a small metal stem or wire is attached to the center of the plate and to this little stem is attached a diminutive mirror lighted by a lamp. This idea is borrowed from submarine telegraphy. The luminous ray is reflected by the mirror, and the smallest deviation of this mirror brings about a great disturbance at the extremity of the ray. It can thus be imagined how the oscillation of the telephonic plate acts upon the mirror, which in its turn determines an appreciable movement at the extremity of the ray of light. This ray is projected on a rolling cylinder carrying sensitive paper, and at each oscillation of the plate the luminous pencil marks on the turning cylinder an upright V or inverted corresponding to the positive Λ or negative sign transmitted. It remains only to develop the sensitive paper and to read the signs and words.

The idea consists of reception by telephone and inscription by mirror as in the Thompson system of submarine telegraphy. The results obtained by the system, therefore, have been the transmission at a distance of 1,000 kilometers (621 miles) of eighty thousand words in one hour over two bronze wires of great conducting power. Forty thousand words, or sixteen pages of

Hughes machine now in use, and more than five days and five nights of consecutive labor with the Morse system. The speed of the Pollak and Virag machine is unprecedented, but it has its disadvantages, in the opinion of the consul. He enumerates the following points: The telegram must first be changed into characters, after the manner of the Morse system; then the strips must be perforated, as in the Wheatstone system; after reception, the photographed strips must be developed and then translated into ordinary language. It is thought that this complicated manipulation may lead to many errors in transmission, and for present use in France he concludes that the Baudot machine actually employed answers all requirements.

Harvest Fields.

A hundred million dollars a year appears to be the present market offered to the manufacturers of the United States by Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines, provided they are able to supply the normal demand in those islands for foreign products and to exclude manufacturers from other countries. This estimate is based upon their actual consumption in years of normal conditions. How rapidly this will increase remains to be seen, but if the experience of the past year in Hawaii is an indication of what will happen elsewhere, the increase must be very rapid. This information is obtained from United States Treasury statistics, which states that the exports from the United States to Hawaii in the ten months of 1899, whose record is now

The corporation appealed to Governor Steunenberg, the democratic Governor of Idaho, and the latter appealed to President McKinley, the republican President of the United States, the result being that civil law was suspended and martial law substituted. The diverse party affiliations of the Governor of Idaho and the President of the United States are herein stated for the specific purpose of demonstrating that in labor grievances against governmental officials the LOCOMOTIVE FIREMEN'S MAGAZINE has no "political " favors to extend.

General Merriam, representing the President, was soon on the ground with about 800 negro soldiers. General Merriam acted in concert with Governor Steunenberg and his representatives in carrying out the policy adopted.

Proclamations were issued from time to time, from which the following, issued in Shoshone county, is selected:

PROCLAMATION.-Whereas, The following notice has been served upon the mine-owners of Shoshone County, by the duly constituted State authorities, by whom martial law has been declared, to-wit: "To the mine-owntions or combinations existing in Shoshone ers of Shoshone County. Certain organizaCounty have shown themselves to be criminal in purpose, inciting and, as organizations, procuring property to be destroyed, and murders to be committed, by reason where of it has been twice necessary to declare martial law in Shoshone County. You are therefore notified that the employment of men belonging to said or other criminal organizations during the continuance of martial law must cease. In case this direction is not observed, your mines will be closed."

Therefore, in order to carry into effect the spirit of the foregoing notice and restore the industries of the district as far as possible, it becomes necessary to establish a system by which miners who have not participated in the recent acts of violence and who are a law-abiding people, may obtain work, and, that order and peace may be established, the following is promulgated for the guidance of all mine-owners and employes in the affected district.

All parties applying for underground work in any of the following mines will be required to obtain from Dr. Hugh France, the duly appointed and authorized agent for the State of Idaho for this purpose, or his deputy, at Wardner or at Wallace, a permit authorizing said person to seek employment in any of the following mines: Bunker Hill & Sullivan, Last Chance, Empire State-Idaho, Consolidated Tiger and Poorman, Hecla, Mam

the same.

All parties now under employment by any of the mines above named will be required to procure within ten days from this date the permits above referred to as a condition to their remaining in the service of their respective companies.

BARTLETT SINCLAIR, State Auditor. Examined and approved:

H. C. MERRIAM, Brig. Gen. U. S. Army.

Dated, May 8, 1899.

In order that any miner might thereafter secure employment, or that any mine-owner might employ any miner under the above military edict, a miner was compelled to sign a formal application which included the following statements, before obtaining a military permit to work;

Believing that the crimes committed at Wardner on said date were actively incited, encouraged and perpetrated through and by

means of the influence and direction of the

miners' unions of the Coeur d'Alenes, I hereby express my unqualified disapproval of said acts, and hereby renounce and forever abjure all allegiance to said miners' union, of which I was a former member, and I solemnly pledge myself to obey the law and not to again seek membership in any society which will encourage or tolerate any violation of law.

convictions have followed, and the wives and daughters of the imprisoned miners have been subjected to unspeakable insults from "our colored boys in blue," who are under orders of the United States authorities at Washington, D. C.

The following appeal has An Appeal to Organized recently been made to Labor. members of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, and all other organizations of labor, by President Edward Boyce, of the Western Federation of Miners. This appeal and all news from the Idaho Union War have been excluded from the public press:

To the Members and Friends of Organized Labor Everywhere:

Owing to the unparalleled attempt of Governor Steunenberg, backed by the milltary arm of the Government, to annihilate organized labor in Shoshone County, Idaho, and the baseness displayed by John L. Kennedy, member of the Industrial Commission, as shown by his false and malicious interview in the Washington Post, August 20th, where he brands the union miners of Sho

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oppressors for their tyranny, as though they were real philanthropists, instead of modern Czars, whose only object in life is similar to that which prompts him, namely the almighty dollar-it becomes my duty to give a brief history of the present conflict between organized capital and the miners in that county from its earliest inception.

Having been a resident of Shoshone County for thirteen years, and a member of the Miners' Union and Knights of Labor, I am familiar with the series of conflicts which began in 1887, and I defy John L. Kennedy or any other enemy of the miners, to contradict a single statement herein contained.

When gold was discovered in the Cœur d'Alenes in 1882, prospectors from all over the West rushed to the new district, that had heretofore lain unexplored, with the result that many valuable mines were discovered, When these rich mines began operations, which was under adverse circumstances, all underground men received $3.50 per day, and were permitted to board and spend their money as they pleased; they were not compeiled to board in a company boarding house and sleep in a company bunk house and buy in the company store, all of which they are now compelled to do.

In June, 1887, the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mining Company reduced miners' wages from $3.50 to $3 per day, and other underground men from $3.50 to $2.50 per day, but failed to reduce their board, which remained at $1 per day.

When the miners refused to accept this reduction, the company was forced, on account of the scarcity of miners, to return to the old schedule of $3.50 per day for miners, but refused to pay other underground men more than $3, which was a reduction of 50 cents per day.

Then the miners saw that it was necessary for them to protect themselves against another reduction and, on November 17, 1887, organized the first union of workingmen in the county, since known as Wardner Miners' Union.

In 1890 the men employed by the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mining Company demanded the prevailing wages of the district, $3.50 per day for all underground men, which was refused, and a strike ensued which lasted two weeks; until the company consented to pay the same wages paid by all other mines in the district.

This involuntary act upon the part of John Hayes Hammond-who was then president of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mining Company, and who afterwards gained notoriety in South Africa by conspiring with Cecil Rhodes and Dr. Jameson to overthrow the Transvaal republic - did not continue.

Hammond immediately set to work and organized the Mine Owners' Industrial Protective Association, for the sole purpose of reducing miners' wages in the west to $2.50 per day, and, in order to carry this scheme into effect, every mine owner who belonged to the association was assessed twelve per cent. per annum on each ton of ore shipped from their respective mines, which went into a sinking fund to be used by the association in reducing the miners' wages.

On January 17, 1892, every mine in the district shut down, throwing thousands of men out of employment in the middle of winter in a severe climate, and on April 1 of the same year the Mine Owners' Association offered to resume operations at a reduction in wages of $1 a day and 50 cents a day respectively, which the miners refused to accept.

The first act of the mine owners was to obtain an injunction from Judge Beattie of the federal court against the miners' union and requested the governor to declare martial law, which he did without hesitation.

Their next act was to purchase 500 rifles and distribute them at the different mines, to be turned over to the thugs and Pinkertons that were brought from the slums of large cities to murder the miners.

Up to the time of the arrival of these hired fighters, there was no disturbance, nor did the union men attempt to interfere with the operation of any mine; nevertheless the first act of the imported thugs was an attempt to drive the union miners out of the county, and began to raid the town of Gem on July 11, 1892.

The union men defended themselves successfully and forced the thugs to retire: then the United States troops arrived and arrested every union man and sympathizer. When they had them all arrested the hired thugs burned the miners' union hall and committed other outrages upon the helpless families of the miners. Said outrages were never punished.

After 1892 all the mines in the district began to pay the former schedule of wages,