tioned, to enter the service of the Navy of the United States, and in due and seasonable time to repair on board such vessel of the Navy, or to such Station, as we may be ordered to join, and to the utmost of our power and ability, respectively, discharge our several services or duties, and be in everything conformable and obedient to the several requirings and lawful commands of the officers who may, from time to time, be placed over us.

Secondly, we do also oblige and subject ourselves to serve during the term of enlistment, unless sooner discharged by proper authority, and on the conditions provided by the act of Congress "to amend Section 1422 of the Revised Statutes of the United States relating to the better government of the Navy," approved March 3, 1875, in the following words, to wit:

SECT. 1422. That it shall be the duty of the commanding officer of any fleet, squadron, or vessel acting singly, when on service, to send to an Atlantic or to a Pacific port of the United States, as their enlistment may have occurred on either the Atlantic or Pacific coast of the United States, in some public or other vessel, all petty-officers and persons of inferior ratings desiring to go there at the expiration of their terms of enlistment, or as soon thereafter as may be, unless, in his opinion, the detention of such persons for a longer period should be essential to the public interests, in which case he may detain them, or any of them, until the vessel to which they belong shall return to such Atlantic or Pacific port. All persons enlisted without the limits of the United States may be discharged, on the expiration of their enlistment, either in a foreign port or in a port of the United States, or they may be detained as above provided beyond the term of their enlistment; and that all persons sent home, or detained by a commanding officer, according to the provisions of this act, shall be subject in all respects to the laws and regulations for the government of the Navy until their return to an Atlantic or Pacific port and their regular discharge; and all persons so detained by such officer, or re-entering to serve until the return to an Atlantic or Pacific port of the vessel to which they belong, shall in no case be held in service more than thirty days after their arrival in said port; and that all persons who shall be so detained beyond their terms of enlistment, or who shall, after the termination of their enlistment, voluntarily re-enter to serve until the return to an Atlantic or Pacific port of the vessel to whcih they belong, and their regular discharge therefrom, shall receive for the time during which they are so detained, or shall so serve beyond their original terms of enlistment, an addition of one-fourth of their former pay: Provided, That the shipping articles shall hereafter contain the substance of this section.

And we do, severally, oblige ourselves, during such service, to comply with, and be subject to, such laws, regulations, and discipline of the Navy as are or shall be established by the Congress of the United States or other competent authority.

Thirdly, the said for and in behalf of the United States, does hereby covenant and agree to and with the said seamen, and others, who have hereunto signed their names, that they and each of them, shall be paid, in consideration of such services, the amount per month which, in the column hereunto annexed, headed "WAGES PER MONTH," is set opposite to their names, respectively, or the wages due to the ratings which may, from time to time, be assigned to them during the continuance of their service aforesaid; and likewise to advance to each and every of them, at entrance, due security for the same

being first given, the amounts set opposite their respective names in the columns headed "WAGES ADVANCED," and "BOUNTY PAID," the receipt of all which they do hereby severally acknowledge.

ANALOGIC is Nature's logic. Proportion is Nature's syllogism. Reasoning from analogy is Nature saying a thing over twice in her sign language; "books in the running brooks, sermons in stones, and good in everything." Analogy, we are told, is “similarity of relations"; "a resemblance of ratios."2 It implies four terms, the relation between two of which is said to be like the relation between the other two. The analogic formula therefore is

a: b:: x: y.

The mere direct likeness of two things may sometimes loosely be called analogy, but the best usage conforms to the definition above given. Thus the editor of Butler's Analogy 3 in his preface remarks: "All things are double, one against another : and God hath made nothing imperfect.' On this single observation of the son of Sirach, the whole fabric of our prelate's defense of religion in his Analogy is raised. He first inquires what the constitution of Nature, as now made known to us, actually is, and from this he endeavors to form a judgment of that larger constitution which religion discovers to us." Here “the consti

1 Karslake, in Webster.

8 London, 1828, p. xxiv.

2 Whateley.

4 Ecclesiasticus xlii. 24.

tution of Nature," a known relation, may be represented by a: b, and "the larger constitution," an unknown or less known relation, by x: y; and the copula, "So is" is the logical inference from the concealed premise of Nature's great enthymeme. The universe is one, and governed by the law of continuity and congruity.

To study Analogic, is to study relations, to individualize them, to compare them. This is difficult because it is so easy. The mind runs riot. Fancy outstrips judgment. We are captivated by the number, variety, and brilliance of relations. They swarm like motes in sunbeams; relations of place, form, size, weight, number, color, time, tune, motion, force, kindred, country and others, throng upon us. Every object seems to dissolve into relations. What is man? what are we ourselves, apart from the relations material, mental, social, which we sustain? Society is a meshwork of relations; so is the material system; so the universe. Education is largely concerned with noticing particular relations. The multiplication table is an admirable résumé of numerical relations; the diatonic scale, of musical relations. Clocks measure time relations; thermometers and barometers, weather relations; steelyards, weight relations; and genealogical tables, rich relations and poor relations.

In practical life men acquire skill in measuring relations. Archery depends on measuring distance, weight, and direction. Splitting wood with an axe, a boy must learn to strike twice in the same place. The lumberman can tell the number of feet in a tree before it is felled; the butcher, the weight of an ox on the hoof; the farmer, the tons of hay to the acre; the sailor, the linear distance and bearings of objects on sea or shore; the painter, the shades of color in the landscape. The piano tuner, blindfold, will tell what chord is struck upon the piano. So through the range of categories, men form the habit of abstracting particular relations from the infinite complexity, as a naturalist a single film of a spider's web, under the microscope. Then comes comparison. We compare relations in the same category, and relations in different categories. We compare color with color, shape with shape, size with size, tone with tone, chord with chord, learning to estimate direct resemblances. We then go on to compare relations in different categories; color with sound, sound with emotion, form with character, outward with inward; and the more unlike the categories from which the relations are selected the more striking becomes the analogy. What more unlike than mere place and

sound? Yet sounds are long and short, high and low. Geometry and ethics are dissimilar; yet rectitude is a straight line, and uprightness a perpendicular. Sound and color are very unlike; yet, "What meaning," says Herr Teufelsdröckh, "lies in color! From soberest drab to the high flaming scarlet, spiritual influences unfold themselves in choice of color." There is a harmony of colors as well as of sounds, - a triad of three primitive colors, as well as a common chord of the musical scale. The eye of the florist or the artistic decorator or embroiderer is as sensitive to discords of color as the ear of a maestro to dissonance in music.

The higher notes of the scale are to many minds associated with bright colors, and the lower with dark colors, or black. The country boy in the metropolis, listening for the first time to the tones of a mighty organ, while sunbeams stream golden through the oriel window, seems to see the music and hear the sunbeams, as he murmurs,

"Loose all your bars of massy light,

And wide unfold the 'ethereal scene'!"

Or if in some colossal World's Jubilee, in the whirlwind din of innumerable instruments, before the overture bellowing, booming, billowing, cooing, shivering, shrilling, shrieking, blaring, clanging, while over all one high imperious A of the mighty organ holds on and on till the rebellious elements gradually reconcile themselves to each other and to it, so, he thinks, in a great republic of competing minds and wills, one high imperial mind and will holds on and on its way, till gradually all inferior minds and wills subdue themselves to him. In all the categories of earthly being we find these sharp contrasts with equally sharp resemblances. We do not invent them. It is not a trick of words. There they are; we but find them. "The relation between mind and matter is not fancied by some poet, but stands in the will of God, and so is free to be known by all men. It appears to man, or it does not appear."

ן יי

It is a law of Nature as real as the reflection of sky and lake. The resemblance of unlikest things in their doubleness, their paralellism, comes upon us with all the force of a new discovery. It makes us laugh. It thrills us with wondering delight. Relations in the mineral kingdom resemble relations in the vegetable king-` dom; these, others in the animal; these, others in the social, intellectual, moral; each sphere or kingdom furnishes rudiments of language for the next higher or neighboring, and thus to a large

1 Emerson.

extent human language is built up. Chemistry one might describe as frozen numerical ratios. Crystals are petrified geometry. The entire material system, from microscopic to telescopic, is infinite froth of metaphors. Even dirt, or aŋ, the bête-noir of the Gnostics, is a metaphor, for if you call a mean man a dog you insult the canine species; but if you call him a dirty dog you exonerate the brute, while you characterize the man. Metaphors are analogic enthymemes. Language is metaphor, recent or fossil. Prosaic or literal terms, it has been said, are metaphors that have "forgotten their pedigree." Words, like bank notes, grow ragged and filthy by use. Profanity is the "rotten diction" of unbelief, cant the "rotten diction" 1 of belief. Slang, like some mushrooms, is edible but poisonous.

Man, the microcosm, is the magnet of metaphor, tufted from from top to toe, and to his very finger tips. The entire material universe centering in him, is an infinite complexity of solidified thought. "It is not words that are emblematic," says Emerson, "it is things which are emblematic; every natural fact is the symbol of some spiritual fact." Light is love, darkness is hate. Liberty loves the red, white, and blue; piracy flies the black flag; anarchy dips its brush in carmine. A congress of nations might vote to call darkness pôs, and light σkóтos, but they could not make light itself an emblem of ignorance or darkness of knowledge.

Significance, emblematic significance, is a property of matter, as really so as "porosity," or "inertia," or any other, and a far more important property. Inertia, what does that mean? It informs us that matter moves till something stops it, and stops till something moves it. Porosity, what does that tell us? That matter has pores. But if so, then ultimate atoms are not matter, or they have pores, and are composite. These "properties" are of very little importance compared with the property of significance. And although this has not been included in the list of properties of matter in text-books of Natural Philosophy, it has been recognized with admiration by minds of the most unlike schools of thought, as a grand outward fact. Swedenborg, Carlyle, Emerson, Beecher, Bushnell, Drummond, come from all quarters of the philosophic horizon to a common center here.

"One would swear that the physical world were purely symbolical of the spiritual world." 2

"What is man and his whole terrestrial life, but an emblem, a 2 Swedenborg.

1 Emerson.