returned to England. His account of his voyage has many times been reprinted. The passage quoted occurs early in the first volume (p. 39, ed. 1697).

t

CHAPTER XV.

This paper (written by Addison) was No. 122 of the ́" Spectator," and appeared on July 20, 1711.

PAGE 71.

Approbations, applauses. These words are very seldom found in the plural. The second occurs once in Shakespeare:

"Another general shout?

I do believe that these applauses are

For some new honours that are heaped on Cæsar."

SHAKESPEARE: Julius Cæsar, act. i., sc. 2.

Assizes. The assizes are the highest local courts. They are held for each county twice a year, by judges going on circuit.

The Game Act. See p. 127.

Shoots flying. See under a net, p. 137.

Quarter Sessions. See p. 127.

PAGE 72.

Ejectment, a legal writ by which the tenant of a house or estate is commanded to depart.

Cast, condemned in a trial or lawsuit.

"There then we met; both tried and both were cast,

And this irrecoverable sentence passed."--Dryden.

"Were the case referred to any competent judge they would inevitably be cast."-Decay of Piety.

PAGE 73.

Figure, distinguished appearance, eminence.

"I made some figure there, nor was my name

Obscure, nor I without my share of fame."-Dryden.

PAGE 74.

Be at the charge, pay the cost.

Aggravation, exaggeration; literally, a making heavier (Latin, gravis, heavy).

Saracen's Head. Why the Saracen's Head was fixed on for a sign is uncertain. Some trace it to pilgrims from the Holy Land, some to Crusaders, and some to the legend about Becket's mother.

PAGE 75.

CHAPTER XVI.

This paper (written by Addison) was No. 123 of the "Spectator," and appeared on July 21, 1711.

Taking the air, taking an airing, spending time in the open air.

"The garden was enclosed within the square

Where young Emilia took the morning air.'

PAGE 76.

DRYDEN: Fables.

A novel. In the days of the Spectator the word novel was not used as at present; it then meant invariably a short tale--generally of love. 'Nothing of a foreign nature like the trifling novels Ariosto inserted in his poems

66

.-Dryden.

Nothing at all resembling the modern novel had yet appeared in our literature; the stories of Fielding, Richardson, and Smollett opened up a new and boundless field which now bears crops prodigious in quantity, but often poor in quality.

"Novels," like this Story of an Heir, were a distinguishing feature of the "Tatler," "Spectator," and "Guardian,” and of all the periodicals produced in imitation of them.

PAGE 77.

Mr. Cowley. Addison is quoting from Cowley's "Several Discourses by Way of Essays in Prose and Verse," No. 10, "On the Danger of Procrastination," "There's no fooling with life when it is once turned

beyond forty."

PAGE 80.

In their education. Writing to Mr. Wortley (afterwards Wortley Montague) on July 21, 1711, Addison says:-"Being very well pleased with this day's "Spectator,' I cannot forbear sending you one of them, and desiring your opinion of the story in it. When you have a son I should be glad to be his Leontine, as my circumstances will probably be like his."

PAGE 81.
CHAPTER XVII.

Parts of two numbers of the "Spectator" (both written by Addison) are combined in this chapter. They are No. 125, which appeared on July 24, 1711, and No. 126, which appeared next day. The motto prefixed to the chapter is taken from the first paper.

The malice of parties. Party spirit ran to a height in the days of Anne which is almost inconceivable in our own. The Civil War had

only been an emphatic expression of party malice, and the measures taken by Charles II. after the Restoration were more calculated to embitter than to allay the rancour of one part of the nation towards another. The Revolution added fuel to the fire. The throne was transferred, but the loyalty of many of the subjects was not; in court, in parliament, in the army, in the church, were men who gave the reigning sovereigns only lip service-men who were plotting for the return of the exiled monarch. Suspicion and mistrust therefore prevailed, and party strife was intensified by the magnitude of the issues believed to be at stake. One may understand something of the spirit by considering the present condition of affairs in France, and the causes thereof.

St. Anne's Lane. 'There were two St. Anne's Lanes which might have cost Sir Roger some trouble to find; one on the north side of St. Martin's-le-Grand, just within Aldersgate Street;' and the other— which it requires sharp eyes to find in Strype's map-turning out of Great Peter Street, Westminster. Mr. Peter Cunningham, in his admirable Handbook for London, prefers supposing Sir Roger inquiring his way in Westminster."-Wills.

ever.

PAGE 82.

The Land Tax. "The Cavaliers condescended to take a lesson in the art of taxation from the Roundheads; and during the interval between the Restoration and the Revolution extraordinary calls were occasionally met by assessments resembling the assessments of the Commonwealth. After the Revolution the war with France made it necessary to have recourse annually to this abundant source of revenue. In 1689, in 1690, and in 1691 great sums had been raised on the land. At length, in 1692, it was determined to draw supplies from real property more largely than The Commons resolved that a new and more accurate valuation of estates should be made over the whole realm, and that on the rental thus ascertained a pound-rate should be paid to the Government. Such was the origin of the existing land tax. The valuation made in 1692 has remained unaltered down to our own time. . . . During a hundred and six years a land tax bill was annually presented to Parliament, and was annually passed, though not always without murmurs from the country gentlemen. The rate was in time of war four shillings in the pound. . . . At length, in the year 1798, Parliament relieved itself from the trouble of passing a new Act every spring. The land tax at four shillings in the pound was made permanent, and those who were subject to it were permitted to redeem it. A great part has been redeemed."—MACAULAY: History, ii., 393 (Student's edition).

The War of the Spanish Succession, which was going on in the days of the Spectator, was considered to be a Whig war. Sir Roger, like a

1 Stow.

good Tory, would look upon it with disfavour, and think his heavy land tax due to party.

Destruction of game. Addison elsewhere refers to the effect of parties on game preservation :-"Such was the end of this rebellion [in 1715], which in all probability will not only tend to the safety of our constitution, but the preservation of the game.”—Freeholder, No. 3.

The last degree. See p. 143, under the last.

Diodorus (surnamed Siculus, from his being born in Sicily) was a historian who flourished about 44 B.C. He wrote an account of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Media, Greece, Rome, and Carthage, and is said to have visited every place he names. His style is simple, and his narrative very interesting, although he is credulous. The description quoted by Addison is referred by Mr. Morley to "Bibliothecæ Historica," lib. I. § 87.

Ichneumon is a Greek word (ixveúuwv), and literally means a tracker, from ixvev-ew (ichneu-ein), to track, ixvos (ichnos), a footstep.

Finds his account, obtains any advantage.

Considering the usual motives of human actions, which are pleasure, profit, and ambition, I cannot yet comprehend how those persons find their account in any of the three."-SWIFT: Address to Parliament.

PAGE 83.

Partizan, an adherent of a party, may be traced back to the Latin pars, a part. Partisan, a halbert, is an entirely different word, the ultimate origin of which is very doubtful.

Return. of the hat, taking off of the hat in return for the same civility.

PAGE 84.

Bait (literally, to make to bite), to stop at a place for refreshment. "As one who on his journey baits at noon,

Though bent on speed, so here the archangel paused."
MILTON Paradise Lost

An honest man, one belonging to the right party (which is always our own).

"Honest men have served you faithfully in this action [Naseby]."— CROMWELL (to the Parliament).

Fair better. He made bets fairly on the results of the various games at bowls.

PAGE 85.

A fanatic. Will Wimble would look upon a Whig and a Puritan as the same.

CHAPTER XVIII.

This paper (written by Addison) was No. 130 of the "Spectator," and appeared on July 30, 1711.

Gipsies is a shortening of Egyptians, the popular notion being that gipsies came originally from Egypt. They really came from India.

PAGE 86.

Exert the justice, exert his authority as justice. The laws against gipsies were horribly severe. Misson (in his "Memoirs and Observations on his Travels over England," quoted by Mr. Ashton) says:-" By Acts of Parliament and statutes made in the reign of Henry VIII. and his two daughters, all those people calling themselves Bohemians, or Egyptians, are hangable as felons at the age of fourteen years, a month after their arrival in England, or after their first disguising themselves. Before the month is out they escape with the loss of their goods, money, &c., if they have any. This law is not put in execution: 'tis true they have very few of those people in England."

...

Set the heads . . . husbands, by telling the girls' fortunes and promising them husbands.

Agog, in eagerness, for on gog, in activity or eagerness (Welsh gog, activity).

PAGE 87.

Cassandra was the daughter of Priam, King of Troy. Apollo gave her the power of foretelling the future.

My lines. The lines in the hand, from an examination of which a professor of palmistry pretends to tell fortunes.

Line of life is the name given in the language of palmistry to one of the lines of the hand.

Gibberish, idle talk; from the old verb gibber, to gabble, which is a frequentative of gibe.

Darkness. The replies of the ancient oracles were always clothed in mysterious and equivocal language.

PAGE 88.

CHAPTER XIX.

This paper (written by Addison) was No. 131 of the "Spectator," and appeared on July 31, 1711.

A month's excursion. The first paper describing the Spectator's visit to Sir Roger (Chapter II.) appeared on Monday, July 2, and the last (Chapter XIX.) on Tuesday, July 31.

PAGE 89.

Particular, peculiar. See p. 141, under particularities.

White Witch. The spells of white witches were as powerful as those of other witches, but were excrted only for good purposes. The