QUARTERLY. MR. GILDERSOME-DICKINSON, of Eden

ALL REMARKABLE COMETS: a Brief Survey of the Lent, or Exchanged.

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LONDON, SATURDAY, JANUARY 1, 1898.

CONTENTS.-No. 1.

writing, that on Refleccion I may be able to given some accompt of men and things. In reading I should observe (but my broken minutes will not permitt itt) this method. First to common-place NOTES:-Notes and Queries '-The Gates of London, 1in a generall booke, under proper Heads, what I "Different":"Than," 3-More Family, 4-Severus and find remarkeable; 2dly, sett down what I finde Birth of Christ, 5-' Vocabolario della Crusca'-Liberty of new, and fitt to be remembred, which one should Earl of Meath-" Winged Skye "-Fire in Cripplegate, 6. review at the end of the weeke, and then more QUERIES:-"Crear"-Portrait of Napoleon-Sir T. Lynch exactly digest it; 3dly, to sett downe in another -Dampier-W. Wentworth-Rev. W. Edwards-De Ros little booke queries that I know not, in order to be Family, 7-"Textile "-Heathcote-Reference to Story-informed, when I meete with men capable." J. G. Strutt-Thos. Eyre-Herald-Kentish Men: Men of

Kent, 8-Philip II. of Spain-Medieval Measures-BioREPLIES:—" Through-stone,” 9-Era in Monkish Chrono

graphical, 9.

logy, 10-Enigma-Johnstone of Wamphray, 11-"British" Life of St. Alban, 12-Portraits of the Wartons-Reynolds -Bayswater, 13-Yorkshire Murder-Novel by Jean Ingelow" Playing Hamlet"-Mazarin Family-Glass Fracture -Cope and Mitre-Tortoiseshell Ware, 14-Angels as Supporters-Arabic Star Names-Grub Street-French Peerage, 15-8t. Syth-"Counterfeits and trinkets "-Napoleon's Attempted Invasion-Stevens-Etymology of "Tonn"J. C. H. Petit, 16—" Sni”—Princes of Cornwall-Superstition-Cold Harbour-Peter Thellusson-Canning, 17Featherstone-"Tirling-pin "-Sand-paper-In Memoriam,' liv.- Local Silversmiths-Strathclyde, 18-" Pot Lord"-Lee, Earls of Lichfield-" Camp-ball," 19. NOTES on BOOKS:-Wright's English Dialect Diction ture-Brewer's Mediaval Oxford-Hooper's Campaign

ary,' 19-Tovey's Reviews and Essays in English Litera

of Sedan'-Kielland's 'Norse Tales and Sketches,' 20. Notices to Correspondents.

Notes.

It is regrettable to learn, upon the authority
of Mr. John Cordy Jeaffreson, who edited the
Hodgkin MSS., that this intention to make
a private collection in anticipation of our
own 'N. & Q.' was not carried out, for
"after working for a time on the common-place
book, jotting down memoranda of dreams, meteoro-
logical phenomena, social incidents, and political
occurrences, Mr. Bulstrode changed his plan of
operations, so that the book is far from corre-
sponding to the programme."

Mr. Leslie Stephen has characterized the
Athenian Mercury, established in London in
1690, as "a kind of Notes and Queries," an
honour which, quaint and interesting as was
that periodical, it scarcely deserves; but Bul-
strode's idea was so close an anticipation of
the weekly journal which is a friend to so many
of us to-day that it deserves here and now to
be recognized.
ALFRED F. ROBBINS.

THE GATES OF LONDON.
(See 8th S. xii. 161, 485.)

'NOTES AND QUERIES.' THE honoured motto of 'N. & Q' from Ir is not quite easy to tell from the note its commencement has been Capt. Cuttle's at the latter reference whether the writer famous injunction, "When found, make a note believes that St. Giles's Church was founded of." But just as there were brave men before on its present site because it was close to a Agamemnon, so were there counsellors for gathering - place for cripples, or whether note making before our venerable friend. cripples took up their station at Cripplegate "I will make a prief of it in my note-book," because of its proximity to the church of exclaimed Sir Hugh Evans in "The Merry their tutelary saint. According to Stow, Wives of Windsor'; and many of us have "Alfune builded the parish Church of S. taken that immortal Welsh parson as our Giles, nigh a gate of the Citie, called Porta exemplar. Yet a more precise instructor in contractorum, or Criplesgate, about the the art to be cultivated by every reader of yeare 1090" (Survey,' ed. 1603, p. 34). This and contributor to 'N. & Q.' was one White-gate was certainly in existence a hundred lock Bulstrode, of the Inner Temple, contro- years previously. versialist and mystical writer. There is preserved among the manuscripts of Mr. J. Eliot Hodgkin, F.S.A., of Richmond, Surrey, a " Book of Observanda," ranging from 8 April, 1687, to 25 June, 1692, written by this Prothonotary of the Marshalsea Court and Commissioner of Excise, author also of 'A Discourse of Natural Philosophy,' published in the lastgiven year. And the purpose of this "Book of Observanda" was thus indicated in an entry upon an opening leaf :

"Sept. 1687: Observanda. In the World what I meet with, extraordinary or usefull, I committ to

Very little is known of London before the Conquest; but there is scarcely any doubt that the walls followed the line of the present City limits. The massive character of those walls is known from the few relics which are still in existence. They were pierced on the landward side by at least four gates, which in modern times were known as Aldgate, Cripplegate, Aldersgate, and Newgate. In those days commerce and the Church shared the city between them. The little stream of Walbrook, which was navigable as far as the Cheap, or great market-place of the city,

Moorgate dates from a much more recent period, and the gates on the riverside demand separate treatment.

:

"It must have taken a considerable time for the habit of begging at the postern here to have been so common as to originate the name of Cripplegate; yet we do not find that the gate ever had any other that cripples begged at this postern more than at name. Again, as a matter of fact, we do not read the gates of the City."

divided London into two almost equal parts. According to Stow, this stream was named after the wall of the city; but it can hardly be doubted that it was originally Wealh-broc, To return to the point from which we and was so called after the foreigners who started, the etymology of Cripplegate. Stow, used the water-way as a means of bringing as we all know, quotes the authority of Abba their wares to market. In order to protect Floriacensis, and says it is "so called of the two segments of the city-the ecclesiastical Criples begging there," an explanation which quarter and the soke of St. Paul's, which lay was received with unquestioning faith until to the west of Walbrook, and the commercial a few years ago, and, notwithstanding the quarter, which lay to the east of that stream-doubts of a critical age, still finds acceptance the massive walls and gates of the city were by many. Mr. Denton, in his 'Records of St. raised. On those walls, as Kemble says in Giles's, Cripplegate,' 1883, p. 195 (Appendix an eloquent passage, "did the Saxon portreeve A), was perhaps the first to draw attention look down from his strong gyld-hall upon the to the obvious difficulties contained in this populous market of his city" (Saxons in Eng-explanation. He writes :land,' ed. 1876, ii. 313). It is in connexion with this custom of watch and ward that we meet with the mention of any of the London gates. In the earliest 'Instituta Lundoniæ of King Ethelred it is stated that "Ealdredesgate et Cripelesgate, i. e. portas illas, observabant custodes" (Thorpe's Ancient Laws and And he therefore suggests that the name in Institutes of England,' p. 127). The gates in Anglo-Saxon would be crepel, cryfele, or question must have been in existence at the crypele, a den or passage underground, a end of the tenth century, if not considerably burrow (meatus subterraneus), and geat, a earlier. Another Saxon gate was the West-gate, street, or way, with reference to the gate, which was the outlet for the traffic passing westward from the Cheap, as well as for merchandise conveyed from the landingplace at Billingsgate by a road which is probably only found at present in the line of Budge Row. Near Westgate-the modern Newgate was the large enclosure known as Ceolmundinge-haga, the haugh of the family of Ceolmund, which probably occupied a good portion of the space between Newgate and Aldersgate. On the eastern wall was Aldgate, originally known as Al-gate or Ale- gate, and not improbably deriving its name from the foreigners who, landing with their merchandise at one of the hithes nearer the mouth of the river, conveyed it by land to the eastern entry and thence by the main thoroughfare to Cheap (El-foreign, geat-a gate or way).

Another gate which must have existed in Saxon times was Bishopsgate, the "Porta Episcopi" of Domesday (Middlesex,' p. 128 a, col. 1). No authentic records exist with regard to the foundation of this gate, though it has been associated with the name of Erkenwald, a son of Offa, King of Mercia, and Bishop of London from 675 to 685. This is probably much too early a date. In later times, as the necessities of traffic increased, postern gates were opened in the walls. Among the earliest of these was probably Ludgate, which signifies a postern par excellence, from the A.-S. hlid, a cover or door, whence our modern lid.

probability that the road between the gate and the barbican beyond it ran between two low walls, and would form what in fortification is described as a covered way. MR. LOFTIE, as we have seen at the first reference, accepts this explanation, but the form in which we first find the word seems to me to militate against it. In the 'Institutes' of King Ethelred, which I have quoted above, the word is found as "Cripelesgate "; in the celebrated charter of William the Conqueror, confirming the privileges of the "Canons of St. Martin's," it is referred to as the "posterula quæ dicitur Cripelesgate," and this form survived until the end of the sixteenth century, for Stow, in his account of Cripplegate Ward, though delightfully eclectic in his orthography, perhaps uses the spelling "Criplesgate" more frequently than any other. This form, it is perhaps unnecessary to note, is the AngloSaxon genitive. Assuming that cripel or crepel signifies a cripple in Anglo-Saxon, for which I cannot find any authority, the gate of the cripples would be Cripela-geat, and not Cripeles-geat, while the Den-gate or Burrowgate would be Crypel-geat; assuming, again, that crypel or cryfele is a genuine AngloSaxon word, and not a loan-word from the Greek. We are almost driven to the conclusion, therefore, that Cripplegate derived its name from a person of the name of Cripel, just as its neighbour, the modern Aldersgate, derived its name from a certain Ealdred.

This theory fits in with the ordinary rules of Anglo-Saxon nomenclature, and, so far as I am aware, is not open to any grammatical or historical objection. W. F. PRIDEAUX. Kingsland, Shrewsbury.

"DIFFERENT": "THAN." THE present note relates to the improper use of than for other particles, especially to its association with different, by which it was suggested. We may regard it as a strict grammatical precept that the adjective different should have the same syntax as the verb differ; I mean that as we write "My policy differs from yours," so we ought to write "is different from yours." This precept, however, is disregarded by writers, regularly rather than exceptionally, who generally use the combination different to," and at times startle us with a far worse cacology. Thus a critique of Mr. Forbes Robertson's reproduction of 'Hamlet' at the Lyceum Theatre, which appeared in Reynolds's Newspaper for 12 Sept. last, contains the following: "Some of her [Mrs. Patrick Campbell's] little graces are of a different order than those to which Miss Ellen Terry has accustomed us." Again, in the Star of 25 Nov. (p. 3) the coroner, inquiring into a death in Stamford Street, is reported to have said that a certain girl, if brought before the jury, "would tell them something different than the witness did."

surprised at finding an author of academic
education committing to paper such wretched
English, I was astounded when I saw the
reply which Mr. (now Sir) Walter Phillimore,
assisting his father with the third edition,
made to the press reader who directed atten-
tion to the solecism: "We find it correct"!
The obvious rejoinder would have been, after
Sir Walter's phrase, "I find you obtuse." It
is a pity he did not give his reasons for
"finding" different than "correct," for if any-
body can defend a bad cause it should be a
lawyer; though grammar, not being essential
to forensic success, is little in a barrister's
line. If it be suggested that "different to
is defensible by an appeal to Latin, on the
ground that differens is found sometimes with
a dative instead of the preposition ab, I reply
that an imitation of the syntax of differre,
which was sometimes constructed with a
dative, would equally warrant such a con-
struction as "My policy differs to yours."
But, at all events, Latin analogy cannot be
alleged for "different than," because "differens
quam" is not Latin, as Sir Walter Phillimore
must know; for if he learned nothing of Eng-
lish at Westminster or Oxford, he was cer-
tainly instructed in Latin. As may be seen
on reference to the 'H. E. D.,' many eminent
writers have constructed different with than,
examples being presented from Oliver Gold-
smith and the late Dr. Newman. The more
is the shame; the expression is simply a vul-
garism repeated parrot-like by those whose
education should have enabled them to dis-
tinguish bad from good speech.

The literary status of these papers is too low to give importance to any grammatical irregularity found in their columns; and if the two examples just cited stood alone I should This cacology arises from confusion of not have thought it worth while to submit different with other in regard to grammar, the them to your readers. Unfortunately such is fact being forgotten or ignored that each not the case. How extensively the irregularity word has its own syntax. And here note has prevailed may be learned from the 'His- the perversity of writers in not only using torical English Dictionary,' and beyond the than where it is improper, as I have shown, dates there given I can cite two other ex-but not using it where it is proper. After amples from writers of some repute. The first, the more recent, is in the October number of the Nineteenth Century in an article on our Indian frontier policy by Sir Lepel Griffin, who writes (p. 515):

"I have only incidentally touched on the question of Chitral, as the policy of that occupation rests on different grounds than that of worrying the tribes on our immediate borders into hostility. The other example occurs in one of the earlier volumes of Phillimore's 'International Law.' I cannot give a more exact reference or even quote the passage, as it came under my notice before I thought of keeping a black book for offenders against "Queen's English."

The circumstances connected with this lastmentioned example are curious. If I was

other our grammars direct us to use than, but in practice this particle is mostly replaced in affirmative propositions by besides, and in negative or interrogative by besides, except, or but, the use of the last particle in this way dating from Anglo-Saxon times: "Mæg ic óöre sprecan búton þæt Drihten hét?" which is the rendering of Num aliud possum loqui, nisi quod jusserit Dominus?" (Numbers xxiii. 12.) Modern examples are after these patterns

"I have another book besides this," "I have no other book besides [except, but] this," which are tautological or pleonastic. And, as if this were not enough, some authors use from in place of than. Coleridge, for instance, in the 'Piccolomini' (I. xii. 106), puts into the mouth of Questenberg:

Chancellor Sir Thomas More, and I think clearly establish it to have been in 1476-7, and not in 1480, as laid down by his greatgrandson, Cresacre More, who wrote about eighty-five years after that event. 'N. & Q.,' 4th S. passim, takes the same view of the date, so that I think we may assume Cresacre More was incorrect; and he almost seems to have doubts by his writing "about 1480." He has been hitherto believed to be corroborated by the date on Holbein's picture of the More family; but upon investigation it is found that the original at Basle bears no date at

Ah! this is a far other tone from that In which the Duke spoke eight, nine years ago. Freeman, too, in his 'Norman Conquest' (i. 642, ed. 1867), indulges in the same catachresis: "The Anlaf here spoken of was another person from Olaf"; and only a few days ago I read in the manuscript of a Greek examination paper for a great school: "Why are the choruses [in the 'Eumenides' of Eschylus] in another dialect from the rest of the play?" I have treated above of a confusion of different with other; in these three examples the confusion is conversely of other with different, the result, logically, being little better than non-all, and it is also proved that the dates sense. In imitation of such constructions we might write "Another from him would do" so and so, or improve the reading of Isaiah lviii. 8 thus: "Thou hast discovered thyself to another from me."

Now if we are satisfied to believe that Cresacre More and subsequent writers may have been incorrect in one instance, may we (not unfairly) assume they may have been in others, more especially as they wrote eighty or ninety years, or more, afterwards?

must have been subsequently added on the copies, which are dated a year after Holbein had left England. Even supposing the date (1530) had been correct, it might have been that of the finish of the picture, for as he Different is not the only word with which lived in Sir Thomas More's house for some than is misused. "Superior than" is not new years he may have been two or more in to me, and I have just seen in the catalogue completing it after its commencement in for the new year of a well-known provincial 1527. The earlier date of birth is also more firm of seedsmen the following gardener's consistent with the Chancellor's reporting in puff: "We gathered double the quantity off his 'Life of Richard III.' a conversation which it than from any other." This is the language he had heard in 1483, which he could scarcely of illiteracy, but it does not outdo in impro-have been precocious enough to have remarked priety the polished Newman's phrase: "It had he been only three years old. has possessed me in a different way than ever before" (Loss and Gain,' p. 306). We are all familiar, too, with "hardly......than" and scarcely......than "-outrages of speech as detestable as they are common, though I have not collected examples, chiefly because such as present themselves to me are not The Chancellor's great-grandson narrates printed-in which than usurps the place of that Sir John married thrice, and that his when. Here it is interesting to note that first wife was a Handcombe and the third a Addison ('Cato,' IV. iv.) could write "Scarce Barton, but makes no mention of the second had I left my father, but I met him "- a con-wife, stating Sir Thomas to have been the struction met with at the present day-son of the first. From the evidence which from the fact that but is now often used for MR. WILLIAM ALDIS WRIGHT announced in than, not only with other as mentioned above, N. & Q.,' 4th S. ii. 365, which he found in a MS. but with real comparatives, e. g., "No sooner in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, had he said so, but he vanished." written, without doubt, by John More (afterwards Sir John), I think we must have grave misgivings as to the hitherto accepted particulars about the names of these ladies, and especially as to the first-named having been the mother of the Chancellor. If we believe the MS. written in Latin by John More, he married on 25 April, 1474, Agnes, daughter of Thomas Graunger, in the parish of St. Giles Without, Cripplegate, London, and that after a daughter Johanna, born 11 March, 1475, he had a son Thomas, who was born 7 February, 1476/7; a daughter Agatha, born 31 January, 1479; son John, born THE Proceedings of the Society of Anti-6 June, 1480; son Edward, born 3 Septemquaries of London, on 18 March, 1897, again call attention to the date of birth of the Lord

The above was written before I had read the note (8th S. xii. 477) in which MR. BAYNE adverts to the conflict of practice with precept in regard to different. This is not the place for comment on his observations, but I may say that the expression "to differ with " is as finical as it is unnecessary. Why should differ have the syntax of disagree rather than that of dissent or its own? F. ADAMS.

106A, Albany Road, Camberwell.

THE MORE FAMILY.

ber, 1481; and daughter Elizabeth, born 22 September, 1482. I give these latter