who by the universality of his acquirements obtained the name of the Admirable Doctor; but though a Franciscan Monk by profession, he applied himself so exclusively to subiects of Mathematical and Chemical Science, that he can scarcely be reckoned among the Theological Writers of the Age. His success in these pursuits is known to have brought him under the imputation of cultivating the magical arts; on which ground he was condemned by the General of his Order in 1278, and punished by imprisonment. He died at Oxford six years afterwards, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. His Opus Majus has been several times printed. ALAN OF LILLE, flourished as a distinguished Professor throughout nearly the whole of this Century in the University of Paris, where, from the equal extent of his attainments in Philosophy and Poetry as well as in Divinity, he was styled the Universal Doctor. He died in A. D. 1294. RICHARD MIDDLETON, or Ricardus de Media Villâ, as he wrote himself, was a Franciscan Monk, and a Professor of Theology, and as such acquired the title of the Solid and Copious Doctor. He died in 1304. Like most of his brethren of the School, he wrote a Commentary upon Peter Lombard; a duty which seems to have been undertaken as a matter of course in that Age by all who sought to distinguish themselves in Divinity. ment, so disgusted him, that at length (A. D. 1249) he voluntarily retired to the Monastery of Pontigny in France; the same which had before afforded an asylum to his predecessor, St. Thomas à Becket. He died there within the same year, in the odour of sanctity. His merits were acknowledged by an act of canonization on the part of Pope Innocent IV. in 1249; and still better by the singular veneration in which his memory was held, up to a recent period, in the neighbourhood of the place of his decease. He was the author of a Work of piety, entitled Speculum Ecclesiæ, which has been printed in the Bibliotheca Patrum. Another Archbishop of Canterbury in this Century, and who finds a place here rather from his rank as such, than from the importance or worth of his writings, is JOHN PECKHAM, a native of Sussex, and a Franciscan, who, during a residence he made at Rome, so acquired the favour of the Pope, that by his interest he was elected to the Primacy on the resignation of Robert Killwarby in 1278. He died in 1291, after holding the See for thirteen years, during which time he had not only greatly enriched his patron kindred, but accumulated a fortune of five thousand pounds, (in those days considered an enormous sum,) besides, as it was believed, having largely recompensed the Pope for his promotion. He compiled a Work called Collectorium Bibliorum, which has been twice printed, (Paris, 1514, Cologne, 1541,) besides various Tracts of Divinity, which still remain in manuscript. The Prelacy of England during this Century could boast of a very different character from the last men Few men of his time have better deserved of their tioned in STEPHEN LANGTON, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury; but it was in his Political and Episcopal character, rather than in that of a Theological Writer; although his services in this last respect were far from contemptible. The story of his life, and of the consistent firmness with which he successively resisted the tyranny of the King and the encroachments of the Pope, belongs to English History. Previously to bis elevation to the See of Canterbury (A. D. 1206) he professed Divinity at Paris, and with so much reputation, that, although a foreigner, he was elected Chancellor of the University. He died in 1228. Of his Works, consisting chiefly of Commentaries on the Scripture, none is in print. He is said to have been the first who divided the Bible into Chapters. Another ornament of the Metropolitan See of England during this Century was ST. EDMUND OF CANTERBURY. He was the son of Edward Rich, a merchant of Abing don, and from his earliest years manifested the seeds of the most humble and devout frame of mind; a disposition which he did not belie, when, much against his own will, (A. D. 1234,) at the special recommendation of Pope Gregory, he was elected to the Primacy. In this high office, however, he found nothing but cares; and the shameless conduct, on the part as well of the Court of Rome as of the Crown and the Clergy, of which he was compelled to be the witness, and sometimes the instru ROBERT GROSTESTE, or Groshead, (in Latin styled Robertus Capito,) Bishop of Lincoln; a man distinguished not more by the depth of his learning and the vivacity of his genius, than by the purity, simplicity, and disinterestedness of his life; and who shone among all his contemporaries by the firmness with which he not merely opposed the encroachments and practices of the Court of Rome, but openly and indignantly stigmatized them as utterly subversive both of the doctrines of the Gospel and the discipline of the Church. Some striking instances of this conduct on his part are related in Matthew Paris.* He was born in Suffolk, and studied at Oxford and Paris, and was promoted to the See of Lincoln in 1235, He died in 1253, leaving behind a considerable number of writings both in Philosophy and Divinity. Some of these have been printed, and sufficiently confirm the testimony of his contemporaries, both as to his integrity of principle, and the extent of his learning. PETER THE CHANTER (so called from the office which he held in the Church of Paris) is the author of a Work entitled Verbum Abbreviatum, which is frequently cited with praise by the Divines of the following Centuries. It has been printed. (Mons, 1637, 4to.) He became a Monk in the Abbey of Long-pont, where he died about the beginning of this Century. Contemporary with him as a Doctor and Professor in the University of Paris was * Hist. ad ann. 1255, p. 754. Ecclesiastical Writers of the XIIIth Century. T VINCENT OF BEAUVAIS was a Dominican Friar, and Reader and Chaplain to the King St. Louis. It was at the order and expense of that Prince that he undertook to compose a great Work, entitled Speculum Majus, divided into four heads of Natural, Doctrinal, Historical, and Moral Science, and as such forming a kind of universal Dictionary of the knowledge of that Age. The Work is, for the most part, a professed compilation from other authors; but some difficulty has arisen from the fact of the last part, or the Speculum Morale, being nearly verbatim the same with the second division of the second part of the Sum of St. Thomas Aquinas. Vincent is said to have died in 1256, nearly twenty years before St. Thomas, of whom his Sum is known to have been the latest production. The most probable supposition is that this portion of St. Thomas's Sum was interpolated in or added to the Speculum of Vincent by some of the earlier transcribers of the latter Work. HUGH OF ST. CHER, near Vienne, in Dauphiné, was a Brother of the Order of Dominicans, of which he became Provincial, and was afterwards (1245) made Cardinal by Pope Innocent IV.; by whom, as by his predecessor, Gregory IX., he was employed in several important missions. He died at Orvieto, in March, 1263. Notwithstanding his success in the public and political situations which he filled, his prevailing taste was for a life of retirement and literature; and he is said to have expressed to the last his regret that he had suffered himself, by the acceptance of the Cardinalship, to be drawn into busier scenes. The Work by which he is most honourably remembered is his Concordance of the Bible; a contrivance of which he was the inventor, and which he completed by the assistance of some of his Monks, who wrote under his direction. See Dupin, Hist. Ecclés. vol. xi. ch. iii. for an abstract of a Treatise of this William concerning the Collation of Benefices. the XIIIth a Flemish Divine, also of the Dominican Order, claims Writers of a place here, on account of the celebrity which attached Century. to his Work entitled Bonum Universale, seu de Apibus, in which, under the form of a " Fable of the Bees," he illustrates and enforces the duties of the different ranks of Society in their carriage towards each other. He died in 1263.* His book, has been several times printed.† Among the most distinguished members of the Dominican Order at this time, we must not omit the mention of RAYMOND DE PENNAFORTE, of whom it has been said, that he was one of the first among the Latins who undertook to vanquish the Jews and Saracens by reason and argument, rather than by terror and force, was born at Barcelona about the year 1177, and studied and afterwards professed the Canon Law with great distinction at Bologna. On his return to his Country in 1222, he found the Dominican Order just established. He immediately took the habit himself, and in 1238 was elected General; but this dignity he soon resigned, and uniformly refused every other that was offered to him, passing the rest of his life, which was prolonged to nearly a century, in his Convent at Barcelona. He died in January, 1275, and three Centuries after was canonized by Pope Clement VIII. Besides a compilation of the Decretals, which he made at the desire of Pope Gregory IX., Raymond composed an excellent Summa of Cases of Conscience for the use of confessors, which was probably the earliest Work of its kind that has appeared.§ was Of the same city, and of the same Religious Order, RAYMOND OF MARTINS, who similarly distinguished himself by his controversies with the Jews and Saracens ; to qualify himself for which service, by the recommendation of Raymond of Pennaforte, he acquired, what was very rare at that time, a knowledge of the Hebrew and Arabic Languages. Thus accomplished, he produced his celebrated book, the Pugio Fidei; a Work which is still considered one of the most conclusive of its kind, and which has been more than once reprinted with the aunotations of the learned.|| According to Lipsius, though other Writers place the date of his death nine years later. See Dupin, XIIIth Century, ch. iv. At Douay, in 1597, 1607, and 1627. Mosheim, cent. xiii. ch. iii. If this be true of the method which he employed towards Infidels, it can hardly apply to his mode of dealing with Heretics, as it is known that he was most imme diately and actively concerned in the original establishment of the Inquisition both in Aragon and in Languedoc. The best edition is that of P. Laget, Lyon, 1718, in folio: the date of which is a sufficient indication that, notwithstanding the many imitations of its plan, the Work up to a late period re tained its value. Particularly by Joseph Voisin, Paris, 1651, and by Benedict Carpzovius, Leipsic, 1687. HISTORY. From A. D. 1099. to A. D. A. D. 1099. attle of scalon. CHAPTER LXXVIII. PROGRESS OF THE CRUSADES; AND ANNALS OF THE EAST; FROM A. D. 1099 To A. D. 1204. History. WITHIN a short month after his election to fill the throne of Jerusalem, the pious and gallant Godfrey of Bouillon was summoned into the field to sustain that arduous office of Defender of the Holy Sepulchre, which his modesty had preferred to the Regal title. The Khalif of Egypt, roused to equal indignation and alarm by the intelligence of the fall of Jerusalem, had immediately 1204. despatched a great army into Palestine; and the influeign of odfrey de ence of a common Religion and cause attracted numeouillon at rous hordes of Turks and Saracens to the Fatimite erusalem. standard. The usual exaggeration of the Latin Chroniclers has swollen the Infidel host into countless myriads their more authentic record of the Christian force shows that the bands of the Crusaders had already dwindled, since the capture of the Holy City, to five thousand horse and fifteen thousand foot soldiers. But the champions of the Cross, however inferior in numbers, were flushed with recent victory, and animated by the unconquerable energy of religious and martial enthusiasm. The armies met at Ascalon; and the organized and mail-clad chivalry of Europe once more triumphed over the disorderly multitudes of Egypt, Syria, and Arabia. The Fatimites fled at the first charge of Godfrey and Tancred; and the only resistance which the Crusaders encountered was from a band of five thousand black Africans; who, after the discharge of a galling flight of arrows from an ambush, astonished the Latins by a novel mode of close combat with balls of iron fastened to leathern thongs, which they swung with terrific effect. But after the first moment of surprise, the desperate courage and rude weapons of these Barbarians were vainly opposed to the sharp lances and physical weight of the Christian gens-d'armerie; and their destruction or flight completed the easy and merciless victory y of the of the Crusaders. Of the Infidel host, the incredible numbers of thirty thousand in the battle, and sixty thousand in the pursuit, are declared to have been slaughtered: while of the Latins scarcely a man had been killed. An immense booty, the spoils of the Egyptian camp, fell into the hands of the victors; and the standard and sword of the Khalif, being alone reserved from the division of the plunder, were piously suspended by Godfrey over the altar of the Sepulchre at Jerusalem.* usaders. The victory of Ascalon was the last combined exploit Progress of the Crusades. From A. D. 1099. to A. D. 1204. of the heroes of the First Crusade. Having accomplished their vow, and bidden a farewell to their magnanimous leader, most of the surviving Princes and Chieftains of the Holy War departed for Europe. Boemond was established at Antioch, and Baldwin at Edessa: but of all his compeers, Godfrey could induce only the devoted Tancred to share his fortunes; and no more than three hundred Knights and as many thousand foot soldiers remained for the defence of Palestine. But the terror of the Christian arms proved, for a season at least, a sufficient protection to the new State; the Musulmans were easily expelled from the shores of Lake Genesareth; and the Emirs of Ascalon, Cæsarea, and Acre, hastened to deprecate the hostility of the Crusading King by submission and tribute. The remainder of Godfrey's brief reign was disturbed only by the intrigues of Daimbert, Archbishop of Pisa, who had been appointed by Pope Paschal II.* to succeed Adhemar of Puy as Legate of the Holy See, and had now been invested with the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. As Chief, in this double capacity, of the Latin Church in the East, Daimbert audaciously claimed the disposal of those acquisitions, which the heroes of the Crusade had carved out with their own good swords; and both Godfrey and Boemond condescended to receive from his hands, as vassals of the Church, the Feudal investiture of the States of Jerusalem and Antioch. But even this submission did not satisfy the pride and cupidity of Daimbert; he claimed the entire possession of Jerusalem and Jaffa; and Godfrey, who shrank with superstitious horror from the idea of a contest with the Church, was glad to compound with the demand of the rapacious Prelatet by the surrender of the whole of the latter city, and a portion, including the Sepulchre itself, of the sacred Capital. The Patriarch further extorted the monstrous Death of condition, that the unreserved dominion of all Jeru- Godfrey. salem should escheat to his See, in case Godfrey died without issue. That event occurred too shortly for the According to the vulgar belief, Pope Urban II. died of joy on learning the conquest of Jerusalem: but, as Mr. Mills has observed, (Hist. of the Crusades, vol. i. p. 268.) the decease of that Pontiff occurred only fifteen days after the capture of the city, and therefore too soon to have been produced by the receipt of the glad intelligence in Italy. Even the Archbishop of Tyre, despite of the zeal for the supremacy of the Church which he may be supposed naturally to have felt, is disgusted by the audacious pretensions of the Patriarch, and relates the tale with indignant candour. Will. Tyr. p. 771. 5 F A. D. 1100. From A. D. History. happiness of a people, whom the good Prince governed with paternal benevolence; and to the sorrow, not only of the Christian inhabitants of Palestine, but even of their Musulman tributaries, he breathed his last, at the 1099. early age of forty years, five days preceding the first anniversary of his reign.* to King of A. D. On the death of Godfrey, the Barons of the Latin 1204. Kingdom of Palestine indignantly refused to ratify the Reign of Baldwin I. promised cession which the Patriarch demanded; and it was resolved that the unimpaired rights of the Crown Jerusalem, over Jerusalem should be bestowed with its temporal sovereignty. Tancred desired that the election should fall on his relative Boemond, Prince of Antioch: but that Prince had, at this critical juncture, been made prisoner by an Armenian Chieftain, whose territories he had unjustly invaded; and a general feeling that some preference was due to the claims of the House of BouilÎon decided the choice of the Barons in favour of Baldwin, Prince of Edessa. Resigning his Principality to his relative and namesake, Baldwin du Bourg, the brother of Godfrey hastened to the Holy City; and, after some fruitless opposition, the Patriarch solemnly crowned the new King of Jerusalem in the Church of Bethlehem. The memory of the wrongs which he had sustained from Baldwin, inspired Tancred with a more excusable and lasting repugnance to his pretensions; and refusing to swear allegiance to an enemy, the Italian Chieftain retired from Jerusalem to Antioch, of which he assumed the regency during the captivity of Boemond. But an accommodation was effected by the good offices of the Barons; and the King and the Regent of Antioch were left at leisure to provide for the security of their States against the common Musulman enemy. The character of Baldwin rose with his elevation; and, on the throne of Jerusalem, he, who during the Crusade had disgusted his compeers by a selfish and treacherous ambition, displayed a disinterested and magnanimous devotion to his Regal duties, which won the respect and love of his people, and proved him no unworthy successor of his brother. During a reign of eighteen years, he not only sustained with zeal and ability the arduous office of defending the Latin State from the assaults of the Infidels, but extended its limits and increased its security. Supplement Crusade, In these efforts he was much assisted by the remains to the First of several armaments from Europe, which may be regarded as a supplement to the First Crusade. The spirit which had animated that enterprise still burned with undiminished intensity; and, in the course of a few years, Hugh of Vermandois, and Stephen of Chartres, the same leaders who had retired with little honour from their first expedition, the Dukes of Aquitaine and of Albert. p. 294-299. p. 773-775. Progress of the Crusades. From A. D. 1099. to A. D. 1204. sors.* But a very small proportion, of those who had A. D. 1104. A. D. of the East All these acquisitions were incorporated into the Affairs of Kingdom of Jerusalem. But a more important exten- the other sion of the Christian territories in Syria had meanwhile Latin States been effected, and added to the number of distinct Principalities. The veteran Count of Thoulouse prevailed upon some of the French Princes whom, in the supplemental Crusade, he had guided with the remains of their forces through Asia Minor, to subjugate Tortosa on the coast of Syria for his benefit. The nucleus of a new State was thus formed, which Raymond employed his Provençal troops in extending: but he died before he could accomplish the reduction of the city of Tripoli, the object of his ambition and the destined Capital of his Both the Counts of Vermandois and of Chartres, who found themselves compelled by the public contempt of a Chivalrous Age to return to Palestine, perished in the attempt to redeem the fame which they had lost by the former abandonment of their Crusading Vows. The great Count of Vermandois died at Tarsus of wounds received in battle with the Turks of Cilicia; and the Count of Chartres only survived his second march into Palestine to be taken prisoner and murdered in the frontier warfare by the Egyptian Musulmans. He had been driven to engage in the supplementary Crusade by the high-spirited reproaches of his Countess Adela, daughter of our Norman Conqueror, who had sworn to allow him no peace until he should repair his dishonour. He was father to Stephen, our English Usurper. Orderic. Vital. p. 790-793. Will. Tyr. p. 781-787. Albert. p. 315-325. Anna Comnena, lib. ix. p. 331. + In the preceding year, the King of Jerusalem had narrowly escaped captivity or death, through a rash assault which he ventured upon the Egyptian invaders of Palestine with a vanguard of only a few hundred horse. His followers were overwhelmed by superior numbers and almost all cut to pieces; and it was on this occasion that the Count of Chartres was taken and murdered. The story of Baldwin's escape presents one of the few gleams of generous sentiment which relieve the dark picture of a fanatical and savage warfare. Upon some former occasion, Baldwin had captured a noble Saracen woman, whose flight was arrested by the pangs of childbirth, and, after humanely rendering her every attention, had released her and her infant in safety. The husband was serving in the Musulman ranks, when Baldwin, after the slaughter of his followers, with difficulty reached a castle whither the victors immediately pursued him. The place was surrounded, and the capture of the King would have been inevitable, if the grateful Emir had not secretly approached the walls at midnight, announced his design of delivering the preserver of his wife and child, and, at the hazard of his own life, conveyed Guibert. p. 537-554. Will. Tyr. him in safety from the castle, which Baldwin had scarcely quitted when it was stormed, and the whole garrison put to the sword. Will Tyr. p. 787, 788. † Albert. p. 300-308. Will. Tyr. p. 775, 776. Albert. p. 345-365. Will. Tyr. p. 791-805, From A. D. to A. D. 1204. FOUNDA TION OF THE TRIPOLI. A. D. History. Oriental dominions. Some years afterwards, that conquest was effected for his eldest son Bertrand, by the King of Jerusalem, seconded by all the Latin Princes of the East, and a Pisan and Genoese fleet. Tripoli, with its 1099. surrounding district and dependencies, was then erected by Baldwin into a County for the House of Thoulouse; and this new State, which, although feudally subject to the Crown of Jerusalem, partook in extent and dignity rather of the character of a sovereign Principality than of COUNTY OF a mere Fief, contributed much by its position between the territories of Antioch and Palestine to secure and cement the communication and strength of the Christian power.* 1109. But the affairs of Antioch were perpetually embroiled Condition by the restless ambition of its Prince. During his capof Antioch, tivity in Armenia, the government of that State was ably administered by Tancred: but after obtaining his release, Boemond, by his refusal to acknowledge the feudal superiority of the Eastern Emperor Alexius, involved himself in a new war, in which he was assisted by the Pisans. The Byzantine arms prevailing by land, Boemond sailed to Europe to plot a diversion against the Grecian territories of his ancient enemy; and having succeeded by his martial reputation in assembling a large army of Crusaders in France and Italy, he landed at Durazzo. Alexius was then glad to conclude an accommodation with him; and the Crusading forces pursuing the usual route through the Byzantine territories to Palestine, the Prince of Antioch returned to Italy, where he died in the following year. After his decease, the noble-minded Tancred continued to rule the Syrian Principality, until his Chivalrous career was appropriately terminated by a mortal wound which he had received in battle; and after some uninteresting revolutions in the government of Antioch, the eldest son of Boemond, who bore his name, finally arrived in Asia, and successfully claimed the Principality as his inheritance.t Meanwhile the isolated State of Edessa, surrounded on all sides by Armenian and Turkish enemies, was only preserved from destruction by the heroic valour of its Count, Baldwin du Bourg, and his relative, Joscelyn de Courtenay, a member of a noble French House which was rendered more illustrious by his exploits in the East, than by the subsequent alliance of a collateral branch with the Royal blood of France, and a succession of three Emperors to the Latin throne of Constantinople.‡ ad of dessa. Will. Tyr. p. 791-796. + Radulphus Cad. p. 327-330. Fulcher. p. 419, 420. Albert. p. 340-354. Will. Tyr. p. 792-807. Anna Comnena, lib. xiv. p. 329-419. The adventures and vicissitudes of fortune which Joscelyn de Courtenay underwent in the East, as well as his Chivalrous deeds, might form the groundwork of a tale of Romance. He had originally accompanied the Count of Chartres from Europe in the supplementary Crusade, and settled at Edessa with his relation Baldwin, together with whom he was taken prisoner in a defeat which the Crusaders sustained from the Emir of Aleppo. After five years' captivity, the friends were released by the stratagem of some Armenian partisans, who, entering the fortress in which they were confined, in the disguise of monks and traders, surprised and slew the Turkish garrison. Baldwin then bestowed a portion of the Edessine territories in sovereignty upon Courtenay. But upon some jealousy, Joscelyn was treacherously lured to Edessa by his benefactor, put to the torture, and compelled to resign his domains. Indignant at this treatment, Courtenay withdrew to Jerusalem, where his services against the Infi dels were rewarded by Baldwin I. with the Tiberiad for a Fief. Notwithstanding the wrongs by which his patron had cancelled former benefits, Joscelyn generously promoted his elevation to the throne of Jerusalemn, and received the County of Edessa from his gratitude. of the From A. D. 1099. to A. D. A. D. 1118. By the death of his kinsman Baldwin I. the Count Progress of Edessa was called to receive the Crown of Jerusalem. On the junction of new bands of Crusaders from Crusades. Europe, Baldwin I. had been encouraged to revenge the incessant attacks of the Fatimite Khalifs of Egypt, by an invasion of that Country; and his career of victory on this expedition was cut short only by the hand of death. Leaving no issue, he, with his last breath, recommended his cousin Baldwin du Bourg 1204. for his successor; and after the retreat of the Cru- Baldwin II. sading host into Palestine, which was the immediate King of consequence of the dejection produced by his death, Jerusalem. the Latin Prelates and Barons were induced by respect for his memory and the claims of consanguinity, as well as by the advice of Joscelyn de Courtenay, to confirm his choice. Baldwin du Bourg was therefore elected without opposition to fill the vacant throne, and immediately recompensed the services of Courtenay by resigning to him the possession of the County of Edessa. The principal event in the reign of Baldwin II. was the reduction of Tyre. The Doge of Venice, Orde lafo Falieri, who had led the navy of his Republic on a martial pilgrimage to the coast of Palestine, was induced, after bargaining for the possession and sovereignty of one-third of that city,* to cooperate in the undertaking; and by a siege of five months the difficult conquest was achieved. Tyre was erected into an Archbishopric 1124. under the Patriarchate of Jerusalem; and by the capture of a City, which, though fallen from its ancient grandeur, was still the most opulent port on the Syrian coast, and had formed the last strong-hold of the Musulmans in Palestine, the Latin power may be said: to have attained its greatest consolidation and security.t A. D. dom. When the Kingdom of Jerusalem had thus acquired Extent and its utmost extent, it embraced all the Country of Pales- state of the tine between the sea-coast and the Deserts of Arabia, Latin King from the City of Beritus on the North to the frontiers of Egypt on the South: forming a territory about sixty leagues in length and thirty in breadth; and exclusive of the County of Tripoli, which stretched Northward from Beritus to the borders of the Antiochan Principality. The whole territory both of the Kingdom and County was occupied by the warriors of the Cross, as we have Baldwin, a second time falling into the hands of the Infidels after he had become King, Joscelyn obtained his liberation among the consequences of the fall of Tyre. The death of the hero at an advanced age was a worthy termination of his exploits. Being unable to sit on horseback, he was carried in a litter to the field; the Musulmans fled at the very report of his presence; and he died giving thanks to Heaven that the mere fame of his ancient prowess sufficed to scatter the enemies of God. Will. Tyr. p. 853. All the maritime Republics of Italy, with their characteristic mercantile cupidity, extorted great commercial advantages as the price of their services to the Crusaders. At Acre, the Genoese obtained a street and many privileges in return for the aid of their fleet in the siege; (Will. Tyr. p. 791.) the Pisans, by treaty with Tancred, were rewarded in like manner for their services to the State of Antioch, with the property of a street both in that Capital and in Laodicea; (Muratori, Antiq. Ital. Med. Evi, Diss. 30.) the Venetiaus, in addition to their settlement at Tyre, received by stipulation a church and street in Jerusalem; and throughout the Christian possessions in Palestine and Syria generally, the three Republics contended, often with bloodshed, for the right of esta blishing places of exchange, and enjoying the common or exclusive privileges of trade. Sabellicus, Hist. Venet. dec. i. lib. vi. Marini, Storia Civ. e Polit. del Commercio de' Veneziani, vol. iii. lib. i. cap. 4-6, &c. Albert. p. 365-377. p. 805—846, passim. Fulcher. p. 423-440. Will. Tyr. |