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children warm and well dressed. The increases in establishments are chiefly in dressmaking and millinery, and in tailoring and clothing, the returns showing an increase of 6,908 establishments. These returns have been severely criticised. They have, therefore, been the more closely scrutinized in the Statistics Branch, without, however, much change being required. The seamstress, with her sewing machine, making a living and supporting others by her labour, is as much a wage-earner and a contributor to the sum total of the value of the industrial output of the country as the sewing girl in a factory. There was in some cases a tendency on the part of enumerators to place a value upon the room the seamstress occupied, as an industrial establishment, but such tendency was strictly suppressed. All her capital was her sewing machine, and that was capital invested just as much in the instance where there was but one sewing machine as in the instance where there were a dozen in use in one building. The same general directions were given in 1891 as in 1881 in this matter, and if more dressmaking and millinery establishments, big and little, were returned, the presumption is that they were in existence and were, therefore, rightly returned.

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304. In this group there is very little chance for comparison of 1891 with 1881, the "Miscellaneous" having been given in the lump, without detail in the compilation of 1881. A few details have been secured. The returns for 1891 show 207 establishments for the manufacture of Indian wares, against 94 such establishments in 1881.

There were 4 dentistry establishments reported in 1881 and 154 Either there was negligence in 1881 in recording these establishments, or there has been a great development in this home industry in ten years.

305. Summing up the groups, the returns show that in 1891 there were in all 75,741 industrial establishments, having an invested capital of $354.526,259, employing 370,104 hands, distributing to wage-earners $100,656,502 a year, and producing articles whose total value was $476,183,356.

Of the capital invested, $31,455,358 was in land; $60,325,583 in buildings; $81,373,337 in machinery and tools, and $181,371,981 was capital other than "fixed."

Of the employees, 273,327 were men, 70,156 women, 19,556 boys and 7,065 girls under 16 years.

306. The following table gives the above details by provinces :

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5,119,258 11,999,928

5,688,151 10,155,182

12,501,453 23,849,655

$

$

$

British Col..
Manitoba

770 2,153,106 1,836,650 3,256,906| 7,157,732|| 9,615 1,331
1,031 380,244 912,431 1,829,726 2,561,836 3,729 541 102
N. Brunswick. 5,429 981,906 3,404,732 5,630,599 5,804,618 19,513 4,750 1,844
Nova Scotia.. 10,496 1,655,562 4,072,756 5,003,949 9,089,719 25,734 6,566 2,040
Ontario
32,150 15,548,335 27,693,214 38,364,178 94,420,789 123,137 32,735

404 157 3,586,897

P. E. Island.. 2,679| 216,868 490,443 673,598 1,531,054
Quebec 23,011 10,410,687 21,686,851 26,281,035 59,763,556

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375 108,650 228,506 333,346 1,042,677|

31 1,905,981
568 5,970,914
625 7,240,611 16,099,229 31,013,392
7,972 2,482 49,752,759 128,149,391 239,806, 166
5,766 1,309| 643 192 1,101,620 2,092,067 4,345,910
84,839 22,874 6,517 3,007 30,672,567 85,564,579 153,155,813
994
34 3 425,153 846,017 1,827,310

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75,941 31,455,358 60,325,583 81,373,337 181,371,981 273,327 70,156 19,556 7,065 100,656,502 256,060,145 476,183,356

These figures differ somewhat from those given in the Census Bulletin No. 10. They are the result of a careful revision, industry by industry, of the industrial returns of 1891,

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CHAPTER VII.

CCCVII. Financial Authorities on the Situation. Banks and Loan Companies. —CCCXXXVII. Boards of Trade.-CCCL. The Behring Sea Question. -CCCLI. Liberal Convention.--CCCLII. Manchester Canal.-CCCLIII. Arbitration of Public Accounts.-CCCLIV. Treaty with France.CCCLV. The Tyrrell Expedition.-CCCLVI. Financial History of the United States.-CCCLVII. The Chicago Exposition.-CCCLVIII. Reciprocity in Wrecking.—CCCLIX. Australia and Canada.-CCCLX. Necrology.-CCCLXV. Newfoundland.

307. The following extracts are from the annual reports and official statements at meetings of the banks and other financial institutions, the boards of trade and similar bodies, with the date appended to show the period reviewed. The object is to gather together scattered statements which throw light upon the condition of Canada in the year 1893.

A number of the bank meetings are held at midsummer, and, therefore, apply only to the first half of the year. Many of the boards of trade meet in April, and their yearly reports are not available.

308. Bank of Montreal.-"In the midst of this unrest and financial excitement it was a source of relief and assurance to those having charge of financial matters in Canada to feel that the commercial business of Canada was in a sound condition, and that trade on the whole had been fairly satisfactory during the past year." Annual meeting, 5th June, 1893.

309. Quebec Bank.-"In regard to the prospects for business the Directors are not prepared to say that the outlook is very encouraging. The depression in trade which prevailed in Great Britain has affected business in Canada unfavourably." 5th June, 1893.

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310. Canadian Bank of Commerce.-Mr. G. A. Cox, the President, said:"In the Bank we see the balance sheets of very many different kinds of business, and of many different men in the same kind of business; a very trifling minority may have fallen behind in capital during the past year, but we have remarked more than once at the board table that at no time in recent years has the improvement in capital, as shown by the surplus in the customer's balance sheet, been so general. Looking around us, while every caution is necessary, we do not see anything in the outlook which is not hopeful for Canada."

Mr. E. B. Walker, the General Manager, in his address, said :— "Quoting from sales and collections running into several millions of dollars, we find that in Ontario farmers paid their paper without renewal to the extent of over ninety-six per cent. In the North-west, where the year is admitted to be unfavourable, and where renewals are always required, more or less, the payments were under 60 per cent." * * "From every part of Ontario our Managers make pretty much the same report. The farmers have more than offset the low price for grain by the high prices for cheese and hogs, for we are told that the farmers, owing to the low prices of wheat, are, year after year, turning their attention more to dairying, cattle grazing, fattening hogs or fruit growing. Again we are told that in many counties the farmers are still holding las year's wheat, and in some localities two or three years' crop of wheat. This may be a very foolish thing for a farmer to do, but let us bear in mind that he is financially able to do it. From the same counties we have the information -in fact there are very few exceptions throughout Ontariothat the deposits in banks are increasing, that farmers' notes for implements are promptly paid, that he does not want to borrow from the banks, and is meeting the interest, and to some extent reducing the principal on his mortgages. Also that there is no demand for mortgage loans, and that upon mortgages subject to repayment many good farmers are demanding a reduction in the rate of interest. 20th June, 1893.

311. Hochelaga Bank.-" During the last few months our trade has developed briskly in Canada with England, the United States, and, above all, with France." 15th June, 1893.

312. Eastern Townships Bank.-"The business of the year was fairly prosperous." 7th June, 1893.

313. Ville Marie Bank.-"While the past year has been fairly prosperous with the banks generally, it has not been unattended

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