dustry which can be easily established in our midst, I recommended the Executive Council to order that in future no holder of a license to cut timber could cut any of that kind if it were not to be made into shingles in the province of Quebec. An Order in Council based on the recommendation, was passed on the 22nd September, 1892. The same question arises with respect to spruce for conversion into pulp, and it is now under consideration."

116. The value of forest products consumed per capita may be estimated approximately. The value of our product, calculated from the census returns of 1891, was $80,071,415. For the fiscal year 1890-91 our import of wood articles amounted to $3,132,516, while for the same period our exports were $27,207,547, leaving for consumption in Canada $55,996,384, or a value of $11.59 a head. With respect to quantity used, the census returns show an aggregate of 2,045,073,072 cubic feet as the total cut of the year. About 30 per cent of this is exported, leaving 1,431,551,150 cubic feet for the annual home consumption. This is equal to 296:2 cubic feet per head of the population. B. E. Fernow, Chief of the Forestry Division of the United States Department of Agriculture, estimates that the per capita consumption of the United States is about 350 cubic feet annually.

117. The carriage of forest products forms a considerable proportion of the business of the railways and vessels engaged in inland navigation. It is estimated that the Canadian railways carried the following wood goods in the year 1892 -lumber of all kinds, 3,338,854 tons, and firewood, 895,522 tons, a total of 4.234,376 tons, or nearly one-fifth of the total weight carried. The forest products paying tolls on the canals in 1892 were as follows-lumber, &c., 856,116 tons; firewood, 135,885 tons, a total of 992,001 tons, or two-fifths of the total freight.

118. Forests on the Crown lands are leased to lumbermen by the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and British Columbia. In Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island the timber is sold with the land, there being no lumbering leases. In Manitoba, the Territories and the railway belt in British Columbia the Dominion owns the Crown lands, and timber leases are granted by the Department of the Interior. Some leases are also issued by the Department of Indian Affairs for Indian lands

119. The timber cut under these licenses was as follows :Ontario, pine saw-logs, 626,422,425 feet, B.M.; other saw-logs, 5,615,284 feet, B.M.; square white pine, 3,841,853 cubic feet; square red pine, 17,466 cubic feet; other square timber, 74,472 cubic feet; boom and dimension timber, 45,488,853 feet, B.M.; cedar, 326,432 linear feet; railway ties, 628,898 pieces, besides minor products ;-Quebec, pine saw-logs, 377,397,063 feet, B.M.; other saw-logs (mostly spruce), 153,234,313 feet, B.M.; square white pine, 755,198 cubic feet; square red pine, 20,087 cubic feet; other square timber, 166,567 cubic feet; boom timber, 803,082 feet, B.M.; flat and small timber, 177,108 linear feet; railway ties, 137,615 pieces, besides minor products ;-New Brunswick, pine and spruce saw-logs, 79,706,842 feet, B.M.; hemlock, cedar and hacmatac saw-logs, 14,202,832 feet, B.M.; square pine, 2,504 cubic feet; square hardwood, 33,188 cubic feet boom-poles, 14,204 pieces; railway ties, 103,672 pieces, besides minor products ;-Manitoba and Territories, lumber, not specified, 20,610,648 feet, B.M.; ties, 97,403 pieces, besides minor products-British Columbia, lumber, not specified, 84,392,536 feet, B.M..

120. The receipts by the various governments from these licensed lands were as follows:

At the Ontario sale of limits in the autumn of 1892 the total bonus was $2,315,000, of which $1,227,666 was paid the same year and is included in above figures, leaving $1,087,334 to be paid in the following year.

121. The area of forest and woodland in Canada cannot be definitely stated, for want of adequate data at present. The following approximate estimate is based upon returns of the Provincial and Dominion Governments, reports of surveyors, of the Crown Lands and other departments, the Geological Survey and other trustworthy sources :

It must not be supposed that this area is all forest, much, though wooded, being covered with small trees.

122. An estimate founded upon similar data to that of the forest area, gives 38,808 square miles as the area of pine in Ontario, and 31,468 square miles in Quebec. Assuming half a million feet, board measure, to the mile, the quantities would amount to 19,404,000,000 feet, B.M., and 15,734,000,000 feet, B.M., respectively, and adding 2,200,000,000 feet, B.M., as the estimated quantity for the Maritime Provinces, would give a total of 37,338,000,000 feet, B.M., of pine. Spruce far exceeds pine both in area and quantity, but not even an approximate estimate can be formed at present, and this is the case also with the Douglas fir and other trees peculiar to the Pacific coast.

123. The Ontario Government has made a reservation called the Algonquin Park on the watershed between the Ottawa and Georgian Bay waters. It contains 1,466 square miles, of which 166 is water. Most of it is well timbered, but it is all subject to lumbering licenses, some allowing only the pine to be cut, and some unrestricted. The Canadian Government has reserved 260 square miles for the Rocky Mountain Park at Banff, much of it covered with timber, which is carefully protected. There are also four other of these Dominion parks, or reservations, in the Rocky Mountain chain, at Mount Stephen, Mount Sir Donald, the Eagle Pass and the summit of the Selkirk Mountains.

124. Canada not only possesses vast forests, but they are composed of a great variety of trees. A carefully compiled list of timber trees makes them a little over a hundred, and probably a few more may be added hereafter, especially from the Pacific coast. Foremost, both for its value and commercial importance, is the white or Weymouth pine (pinus strobus), the main object of lumbering operations in Ontario and Quebec, where it forms great forests, especially in the Ottawa Valley, and there still remain large quantities more scattered in the Maritime Provinces. Next in importance are the spruces, which extend from the Atlantic coast, where they form a large article of export, to the Pacific coast, and they compose a marked element in the great northern forest and other woodlands of the Territories. British Columbia has its own coniferous trees of great size and value, headed by the Douglas fir, the giant cedar, the yellow cypress and the western spruce. Throughout Canada there is a great variety of valuable hardwoods which supply the domestic consumption and contribute largely to the exports.

125. For the sake of comparison, the forest areas of the European countries are given from the latest trustworthy authorities, in most cases from special returns obtained in 1893 from the British representatives in the respective states by the Imperial Foreign Secretary, Lord Rosebery, for the use of the Statistical Branch of this department:

Total, Europe.. 30 26 721,437,982 340,030,184 39,257,421 318,637,976

The ownership for 23,512,401 acres is not specified. In Russia, Sweden, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece the lands of municipalities, &c., and of private owners are given together.