On coal, 10 to 122 cents on every ton of two thousand two hundred and forty pounds of coal sold or removed from the mine.

On copper, 4 cents per unit.

On lead, 2 cents per unit.

On iron, 5 cents on every ton of two thousand two hundred and forty pounds of ore solid or smelted.

Tin and precious stones, 5 per cent of their value.

The Act of Settlement releases to the owner of the soil all gypsum, limestones, fireclay, barytes, manganese, antimony, &c., and any of the reserved minerals whenever the reservation is not specified in the original grants.

94. It is estimated that there are about 7,000,000 acres of ungranted land in New Brunswick.

Crown lands may be acquired for actual settlement as follows:(1.) Grants of 100 acres, by settlers over eighteen years of age, on condition of improving the land to the extent of $20 (£4) within three months; building a house 16 by 20 feet, and cultivating 2 acres within one year; and continuous residence and cultivation of 10 acres within three years.

(2.) One hundred acres are given to any settler over eighteen years of age who pays $20 (£4) in cash, or does work on the public roads, &c., equal to $10 (£2) per annum for three years. Within two years a house 16 by 20 feet must be built and 2 acres of land cleared. Continuous residence for three years from date of entry, and 10 acres cultivated in that time are required.

(3.) Single applications may be made for not more than 200 acres of Crown lands without conditions of settlement. These are put up to public auction at an upset price of $1 (4s. 2d.) per acre. Purchase money to be paid at once. Cost of survey to be paid by purchaser.

95. Any person being the head of a family, a widow or a single man over eighteen years of age, and a British subject, or an alien purposing to become a British subject, can pre-empt 160 acres of land belonging to British Columbia west of Cascade Mountains, or 320 east of these mountains, at $1 per acre. Two months' leave

of absence under the Land Act, and an additional four months for sufficient cause, when applied for to the Chief Commissioner, can be had in each year till the Crown deed is obtained. A certificate of improvement showing that the claim has been improved to the extent of $2.50 per acre is necessary before a Crown deed can be issued. Timber and hay lands can be leased from the Gov

ernment. Timber lands pay a yearly rental of 10 cents per acre, and a royalty of 50 cents per 1,000 feet on all logs cut. Leases of land for other purposes may also be granted by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council.

In

96. There are about 45,000 acres of vacant Government land available in Prince Edward Island, consisting of forest lands of medium quality, and averaging in price about $1 an acre. tending settlers are allowed ten years to pay for their holdings, the purchase money bearing interest at 5 per cent and being payable in ten annual instalments.

97. The Canadian Pacific Railway lands consist of the oddnumbered sections along the main line and branches, and in the Saskatchewan, Battle and Red Deer River districts. Lands in the province of Manitoba average in price from $3 to $6 an acre; in the district of Assiniboia, east of the 3rd meridian, $3 to $4 an acre, and west of the 3rd meridian, including most of the valuable lands in the Calgary district, $3 an acre. Lands in the Saskatchewan, Battle and Red Deer River districts, $3 an acre. If paid for in full at time of purchase, a deed of conveyance of the land will be given; but the purchaser may pay one-tenth in cash and the balance in payments spread over nine years, with interest at 6 per cent per annum, payable at the end of the year with each instalment.

Liberal rates for settlers and their effects will be granted by the company over its railway.

For further particulars apply to L. A. Hamilton, Land Commissioner, Canadian Pacific Railway Company, Winnipeg or to Archer Baker, 67 and 68, King William St., London, E.C., England.

98. The land grant of the Manitoba South-western Colonization Railway Company, only recently placed on the market, contains over 1,000,000 acres of land, well adapted for grain growing and mixed farming, in a belt 21 miles wide, immediately north of the international boundary, and from range 13 westward. The terms of purchase are the same as those of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, and applications to buy should be made to the same officers.

99. The Hudson Bay Company are entitled to one-twentieth of the fertile belt of Manitoba and the great North-west of Canada, in all about 7,000,000 acres of land. Under the agree

ment with the Crown the company are entitled to section No. 8, and three-quarters of section No. 26 in the greater number of townships, and all settlers must be careful not to enter upon them, unless they have acquired them from the company. The prices vary according to locality. Applications may be made to C. C. Chipman, Chief Commissioner, Winnipeg.

100. The Alberta Railway and Coal Company owns in the district of Alberta, in the North-west Territories, 300,000 acres of farming and grazing prairie lands. These are situated principally between the international boundary and Lethbridge, the site of the company's collieries.

The company have for sale blocks of land from 10,000 to 30,000 acres in extent, for grazing or colonization purposes. Full information and plans may be obtained from the company's offices at Lethbridge.

101. The Calgary and Edmonton Railway Company's land grant consists of about 1,900,000 acres of agricultural and ranching lands in Alberta, and a report on any section can be seen at the company's land office in Winnipeg.

The railway runs through the centre of the district in which the lands are situated, connecting with the Canadian Pacific Railway at Calgary.

At present the majority of the lands (within easy reach of the railway) are offered at $3.

Terms, one-tenth cash and balance in nine equal yearly payments, interest at 6 per cent.

For full particulars and free pamphlets and maps apply to Osler, Hammond & Nanton, land agents, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

102. The Qu'Appelle, Long Lake and Saskatchewan Railway Company's land grant consists of about 1,500,000 acres of good agricultural land in the Saskatchewan district, and a report on any section can be seen at the company's land office in Winnipeg. The Qu'Appelle, Long Lake and Saskatchewan Railway runs through the district, connecting with the Canadian Pacific Railway at Regina.

At present the majority of the lands (within easy reach of the railway) are offered at $3 per acre. Terms, one-tenth cash, and balance in nine equal yearly payments, interest at 6 per cent. For full particulars and free pamphlets and maps apply to Osler, Hammond & Nanton, land agents, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

CHAPTER. V.

CIII. Forest Wealth.-CVII. Census Forest Products.-CVIII. Comparison with Census '81-'71.-CIX. Value of Forest Products.-CX. Census Wood Industries.-CXI. Exports Forest Products.-CXII. Destination of Exports. Share of British Trade.-CXIII. Export Saw-logs to United States. CXIV. Wood-pulp Industry.-CXV. Exports Wood-pulp and Pulpwood.-CXVI. Consumption Wood per head.-CXVII. Carried on Railways and Canals.-CXVIII. Timber Leases in Crown Lands.-CXIX. Cut on Timber Limits.-CXX. Receipts from Timber Licenses.-CXXI. Forest Area of Canada.-CXXII. Area and Quantity of Pine.-CXXIII. Reserved Forests and Parks.-CXXIV. Trees of Canada.-CXXV. Forests of Europe.-CXXVI. Forest Area per head.-CXXVII. Proportion of Forest needed.-CXXVIII. Planting Steppes.-CXXIX. Coniferous Forests.-CXXX. Non-European Forests.-CXXXI. India, Australia and South Africa.

103. The natural resources of Canada are her forests, her farms, her fisheries and her minerals.

104. The forest wealth of the country is very great. The forests formerly extended in an almost unbroken stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the head of Lake Superior, a distance of 2,000 miles. The great plains of the North-west have always, within the memory of man, been sparsely timbered, but on the Pacific slopes of the Rocky Mountains down to the shores of the ocean there are mammoth trees that can compare favourably with the growth of any region on the globe. From the earliest days of its occupation by the French the forest wealth of the country washed by the St. Lawrence engaged the attention of the Government of France, who saw therein vast resources available for their naval yards. They drew from these forests large numbers of masts and spars, and issued stringent regulations for the preservation of the standing oak. When the country was first ceded to Great Britain, but little attention was paid at first to its vast timber supply, owing to the fact that almost the whole of the Baltic trade was carried in British bottoms and that the timber of northern Europe provided an unfailing and convenient return freight for the shipping thus engaged. When, however, the troubles of the Napoleonic era

commenced, and especially when the continental blocus was enforced, the timber supplies of the Baltic becoming uncertain and insufficient, attention was directed to the North American colonies, with the result of increasing the quantity of timber which reached Great Britain from 2,600 tons in 1800 to 125,300 tons in 1810, and to 308,000 tons in 1820. The following figures will show the development of the trade :

1850-Exported to the United Kingdom, 1,052,817 tons.

105. A noticeable feature in the returns is the steady decline in the quantity of square timber exported to England, and the increasing quantity of sawn or manufactured wood. This is in favour of the Canadian forests, as the square timber involves great waste, and the debris left in the forest increases danger from fires.

106. The forests and woodlands of Canada form a large portion of its natural wealth, contribute a great proportion of its exports, and afford materials for some of its most important industries.

107. The census of 1891 shows the following forest products for the preceding year :—