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cheap house there, and I have no doubt but all will consider | movement in the sheets of canvas which lay stretched out on the invention a very interesting contrivance; and Mr. Barron, the ground, and as a veil they were worse than useless.who is most courteous to visitors, will give every information WYESIDE. on his experience with the system à la Fountaine as he did to me.

The last idea promulgated in Mr. Fountaine's paper is that "the open air is the life and soul of stone fruit." So it is when our changeable seasons are warm and dry-but not so last year and 1860-at least compared with the same kinds grown under glass with plenty of air passing through them. The fresh air could always be at command through the ventilators, at the same time the fruit was kept from the cold damp

which is deleterious to the finer kinds of stone fruits. It is a

well-known fact that Peaches and Nectarines have been and are annually produced under glass, such as are not surpassed for flavour in the open air in the most favoured districts.

I have now touched on the principal points noted in Mr. Fountaine's paper, and need add little, as it can be easily seen that I have undone nothing that was established in the orchard house here, and I have not had, nor am likely to have, any opportunity of growing Vines in the house, as my employer (who has made this house a speciality) is strongly opposed to it, and I think that I ought to make the best of it as it issave expense and labour. Both have been on the increase of late years in most places. I have made inquiry to-day (April 29th) why the Vines were taken out of the house, and the reply naïvely given was that the house was such a weakly fabric that it was feared a crop of Grapes would pull it down. It had become twisted and was apparently losing its hold, but bars of iron and bearers were placed to hold the roof together, and now that the putty is replaced and painting going on it will look as comely as any of the other twenty houses on the place.-M. TEMPLE.

EARLY-RIPENED PEACHES.

IN page 330 of your issue of April 23rd, in reference to the Early Beatrice Peach shown by Captain Ashby's gardener at South Kensington on the 15th of April, you state that "We doubt if Peaches were ever ripened on the 31st of March in England before." You are in error there. I have a Knightian medal that I received from the late Dr. Lindley for Peaches exhibited on the 18th of April, 1843. The first of these was gathered on the 7th of April. In the Gardeners' Chronicle of the following Saturday the Doctor had a leading article on them. Now, it must be borne in mind that the above were not the small Early Beatrice, but fine Noblesse. You will see from this that an allowance of several weeks must elapse between the ripening of a very early and a late sort. Well, the following year I gathered a ripe Noblesse on the 23rd of March, as can be seen by referring to "Loudon's Magazine" of that

year.

You also state that "Some of the members of the Committee remarked that hitherto it was considered skilful cultivation to have such fruit in May." Why, I have known them ripe in April for at least thirty years. My old friend Mr. Gardiner, at Weston House in Warwickshire, has taken prizes for Peaches several times in April. I believe Mr. Marnock, when at Bretton Hall, ripened Peaches in April before I did.

Had the Early Beatrice, or Rivers's Early, been in being when I used to force Peaches early I would have had no trouble in producing them in March.-W. HUTCHINSON, The Gardens, Llwyndu Court, Abergavenny.

WHAT IS THE USE OF PROTECTING?

THERE was a frost on the night of the 1st of May. At ten o'clock my gardener, seeing it was coming, took some canvas which had been used to protect Peach trees and that had been taken down, and threw it over some Potatoes whose haulm was about 6 or 8 inches high. To his utter surprise, when he took it off in the morning he found that most of the plants underneath had been injured by the frost, while those that had been left uncovered stood firm and uninjured. I imagine that few of your readers would believe this to be possible, and yet I myself saw it. Now, what explanation can be given of a fact so strange? and of what use will it be henceforth, or has it been in time past, to hang canvas in front of our walls under the idea that it will protect the trees from frost?

I know that harm is done by any protecting material that touches the leaves of a wall tree and beats their tender brittle tissues in the hour of their weakness; but here there was no

PRE-PUBLISHING THE NAMES OF JUDGES. LONG ago you started a suggestion that the names of the judges ought to be published in the schedules. I send you a schedule by the post, by which you will see that we have always carried out the suggestion, but I do not observe that it is generally acted on by societies. Could you not make the suggestion afresh? One of the great drawbacks in many places is the incompetence of the judges, and the partiality and bias management they ought to know that the judges are above suspicion as to both ability and integrity. The publication of names can alone enable an exhibitor to judge whether there will be fair play-too often wanting at provincial shows.G. F. BARRELL, Hon. Secretary, Spalding Show.

of local men.

If exhibitors are to have confidence in the

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PLAGIARY OF THE "FRUIT MANUAL."
HOGG v. SCOTT.

(Before Vice-Chancellor Sir Charles Hall.) Counsel for the Plaintiff-Mr. Fischer, Q.C., and Mr. J. C. Wood. Counsel for the Defendant-Mr. Osborne Morgan, Q.C., and Mr. R. H. Sandys.

THE JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE, and the author and proprietor THIS was a suit instituted by Dr. Hogg, one of the Editors of the defendant, Mr. Scott, a nurseryman of Crewkerne, Somezof the "Fruit Manual" and other horticultural works, against setshire, for the purpose of obtaining an injunction restraining him from printing, publishing, selling, or otherwise disposing of any further copy or copies of a work published by the defendant called "The Orchardist," containing any passages copied or taken from the works of the plaintiff called the "Fruit Manual," "British Pomology," and the "Gardeners' Year-Book." It appeared from the statement of Counsel on the part of the plaintiff that in the year 1868 the defendant published a work entitled "The Orchardist, or a Cultural and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruit Trees," and that in such work the defendant had copied to a very great extent, frequently verbatim, and at other times with slight or merely colourable alterations, from the "Fruit Manual" and the "British Pomology." It was not, however, until after the publication of the second edition of the defendant's book that the plaintiff became aware of the extensive piracy which had been committed, and which he only discovered by the fact being called to his attention by his manager. He thereupon obtained a copy of the defendant's book, and took the necessary steps to assert his rights. It was alleged that the publication of the defendant's second edition of "The Orchardist" was doing injury to the plaintiff in forestalling the new edition which the plaintiff was about to issue of the "Fruit Manual," the first edition of that book being out of print. The plaintiff's book contained two hundred pages, and it would seem

that the defendant had made no less than 610 extracts therefrom. The defendant did not deny making the extracts, but on the contrary pleaded that the time within which complaint could be made of any piracy in respect of the first edition had elapsed, and that consequently the plaintiff could have no relief with regard to any portion of his works which appeared in the first edition. Secondly, he contended that the plaintiff had acquiesced in the publication of the extracts in the first edition; and in support of this contention it was stated that soon after the issuing of the first edition a copy was forwarded to the plaintiff, and that considering the number of quotations which it was admitted had been made from the plaintiff's works, it must be presumed that he was fully aware of the fact from the merest cursory view possible of the work in question. Thirdly, it was contended, although very faintly, that no piracy of the plaintiff's works had been committed.

The defendant through his Counsel stated that he was perfectly willing to submit to an order restraining him from publishing anything in the second edition of his work which was not already in the first-that is to say, any new matter then introduced for the first time. This offer, however, was declined on the part of the plaintiff.

In reply to the defendant's contentions, the plaintiff submitted, that as soon as the discovery of the piracy took place immediate steps were taken to assert his rights; that there had been no acquiescence on his part; that although a copy of the defendant's work had come into his possession some three years ago, he had not looked through it, but had merely read one particular passage referring to a discussion which was then taking place in the horticultural world with reference to the Pommier de Paradis stock.

The VICE-CHANCELLOR, in deciding the case, said that the plaintiff was not barred by lapse of time in claiming the relief he asked. Upon the second point as to the acquiescence, he said that it appeared to him not necessary in the view he took of it to say what was the true conclusion to be drawn, or the true legal inference to be derived with reference to the knowledge of the plaintiff at the time that the copy of the first edition of the defendant's book was sent to him, for it was perfectly clear that the plaintiff was, at the time he received the letter accompanying the book from the defendant, and which was relied on as giving him knowledge of the contents of the book, the undoubted legal owner of the copyright; it was his property, and he had a right to say to the defendant, "That is my property, and I don't choose to allow you to use it." He did not, however, take any steps founded on that right until the filing of this bill in 1873, and he thought it might be assumed in favour of the defendant, that the plaintiff had knowledge of 'the defendant's continuing to publish and sell the first edition from the time when the copy was sent to him. He published it for two years afterwards, and then it was that the defendant determined to publish a new and very much enlarged edition of his work, and which, as it ultimately turned out, contained many further extracts from the plaintiff's works. With reference to the question whether the non-taking proceedings on the part of the plaintiff in respect of the matters contained in the first edition for so long a time was or was not a bar to the plaintiff's rights in a Court of Equity, he considered that it did not amount to what must be made out by the defendant in order to succeed-namely, that such a state of circumstances had arisen that the Court was satisfied the conduct of the plaintiff had led the defendant to incur expense and labour with regard to the preparation of the new edition which rendered it unjust and inequitable that he should now be restrained. The fact of the plaintiff having inserted an advertisement in one of his periodicals announcing the preparation of the new edition of the defendant's work did not in his opinion amount to that description of acquiescence in the defendant's dealings with the subject which must be taken to deprive the plaintiff of the right to the interference of the Court. He might well say, "I am aware you have been going on selling a book containing portions of my property for a certain time, but I now say that from this time forth I will not allow you to continue doing so. I have had no reason for supposing that you were laying-out money all this time in connection with this intended fresh publication. You may have been selling copies of your book which may have been printed and in your warehouse long before I knew anything about it. You did not tell me that you were making an expenditure and outlay in reference to your work, and it ought not to be assumed that I knew you were going on spending money on the faith of my not taking proceedings against you. It is my property; you have never come to me to ask me to give you that property in any proper or regular way, and I have a right to enforce my claims in respect of that property in a Court of Equity." It being the plaintiff's property, and the Court being bound to take notice of a legal right, and to determine whether the plaintiff had or had not that legal right, was the Court to withhold the remedy by injunction? He thought not. Then, with regard to the defendant's contention that the extracts made from the plaintiff's work in the first edition of the

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defendant's book were so numerous that it was impossible for the plaintiff not to have discovered the piracy, he thought that that contention was hardly available under the circumstances of the case with regard to acquiescence; but when the question of piracy came to be considered, it was certainly a very cogent and convincing argument the other way. Therefore, he must decide both points against the defendant. He thought the defendant had been content in a great number of instances to take the plaintiff's description of the fruits, and not go to any other source of information, and that it was clear to his mind that the defendant did not go to that source to which the plaintiff himself had gone for the purpose of arriving at a true conclusionnamely, taking specimens of the fruits themselves and writing his own descriptions. To his mind it was as clear a case of copying as he had ever seen. Then with regard to the contention that the same fruit could only be described in the same words, he thought that the English language must be very poor indeed if it did not allow of different expressions being used in this respect. Upon the whole of the case he thought the defendant had entirely failed in every one of his contentions, and that consequently the plaintiff was entitled to the relief he asked-namely, an injunction restraining the defendant from selling and publishing the matter complained of, together with the costs of the suit.

NOTES AND GLEANINGS.

THERE is a specimen of CYCAS REVOLUTA here (Nash Court, near Faversham, Kent), which has produced thirty-six fronds this spring. In former years nineteen fronds were the most. Many gardeners who have seen this specimen think that thirtysix fronds to be produced at one time is a little out of the common. The plant is about fifteen years old; spread of old fronds, 7 feet. The new fronds are stronger, and will probably have a spread of 8 feet. Has any one of your readers seen or heard of a Cycas with a like number ?-C. M. MCCROW.

THE FLORAL DECORATIONS at the Mansion House ball in honour of the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh on the 29th of last month, were of a very handsome and extensive character, and many new plants never before used in any previous decoration were displayed in the Royal supper and reception rooms. Amongst these were the beautiful and graceful Aralia Veitchii, Cocos Weddeliana, Maranta Makoyana, Pandanus Veitchii, and many rare Palms, Orchids, &c. Upwards of two tons of Ivy were used in draping the pictures, mirrors, walls, &c., of the various rooms and halls; and amongst the cut flowers upwards of two thousand blooms of Maréchal Niel Rose formed a magnificent display, together with large quantities of Stephanotis, Gardenias, &c. They were all supplied and arranged by Mr. John Wills, Royal Exotic Nursery, Sussex Place, Old Brompton.

THE SALE OF H. L. MICHOLLS, Esq.'s COLLECTION OF PLANTS took place at his residence, Southgate House, Southgate, Middlesex, on the 28th and 29th of April. Mr. J. C. Stevens was the auctioneer. There were 639 lots, and they realised £1644 17s. Of the Azaleas Stella (5 feet by 4 feet), was knocked down for £10 10s.; Chelsoni (5 feet by 4 feet), £11: of the Heaths, Erica Cavendishii (4 feet by 4 feet), for £9; E. Shanoni (4 feet by 3 feet), £9 10s. of miscellaneous plants, Aphelexis macrantha purpurea (5 feet by 3 feet), £11 11s.; Hedaroma tulipiferum (4 feet by 4 feet), £16; Dasylirion acrotrichum, £12 12s.; Gleichenia rupestris (7 feet by 5 feet), £19 19s.; Cocos Weddeliana (8 feet by 7 feet), £29; and, highest of the high, "Anthurium Scherzerianum, one of the original plants, and the finest specimen with the highestcoloured flowers in existence," £66.

A NOVEL SUBJECT FOR THE SPRING GARDEN. Or the value of the Golden Feather Pyrethrum for playing an imposing and effective part in the matter of spring or summer bedding, it would be a work of supererogation to say even a word.

Therefore we venture to bring under notice a novel subject, which appears to us to be well calculated, if not to rival, at least to form a companion plant for the Pyrethrum, and play a similar part in the flower ground, with little less but somewhat varied effects. The subject whose claims to notice we now put forward is a homely one, but not the less to be appreciated, we hope, on that account. Like the Golden Pyrethrum, it can boast no exotic or alien parentage. Our plant is the golden-leaved variety of the common purple Lamium, or, as it is known botanically, Lamium purpureum var. aureum. In this we have a low-growing, perfectly hardy plant, easily pro

pagated as Mint, with foliage of a different character from that of the Pyrethrum, but richer and more intensely golden, a pleasing variety and play of colour under certain lights being further produced by a slight silvery streak or patch in the centre of each leaf. Altogether we regard the Golden Lamium as a very promising subject for the flower gardener to take in hand, and we shall be disappointed if those who venture to do so will not have reason to feel indebted to us for directing their attention to

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and consists of nine pairs of leaflets, which are small, ovate, deeply cut into two or three lobes on each side, the larger lobes being sometimes also toothed. The leaves, from their size and form, are strongly suggestive of fronds of some smallgrowing pinnate Asplenium, A. viride for example. growth and general character of the plant is so elegant that whether cultivated as a small pot plant, trained on globular or other trellises, or planted as a climber, it has a most charming and engaging appearance. The flowers are as yet unknown.

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this lowly, but, withal, richly endowed little plant.-(Irish It has received first-class certificates both from the Royal Farmers' Gazette.)

CAMPSIDIUM FILICIFOLIUM.

HITHERTO the only species known is Campsidium chilense, and if it belongs to the same genus it is of the natural order Bignoniaceæ. We are indebted to Mr. W. Bull, Nurseryman, King's Road, Chelsea, for the portrait of this plant, and the following is extracted from his catalogue, just published :

"A free-growing, slender, woody climber, from the Feejee Islands, and referred doubtfully to Campsidium, from the analogy of its foliage. It has opposite impari-pinnate leaves, which are about 5 inches long, including a petiole of 1 inch,

Horticultural and Royal Botanic Societies."

NEW BOOK.

Wood and its Uses: A Handbook for the Use of Contractors, Builders, Architects, Engineers, Timber Merchants, dc., with Information for drawing-up Designs and Estimates, with upwards of 250 Illustrations. By P. B. EASSIE, &c. Gloucester: W. Eassie & Co.

THIS is one of the most useful books we know, and if where it can be had in London were known and advertised, it would soon obtain a large sale. It tells how to select woods of all kinds; how to construct flooring, joists, girders, roofs, doors,

windows, staircases, glazed garden structures, and other buildings, besides fittings and vehicles, &c. Not only are directions given for making, but dimensions and lists of expenses. We extract some of the contents relative to greenhouses, which will enable our readers to comprehend at once the contents of the volume.

"In erecting glass houses of any kind, considerable importance attaches to the position assigned to it: if the structure is a detached one it should be sheltered from the northern winds with tall-growing trees, close enough to break their force, but not so close that their branches may drip on the glass, and it should also be near an abundant supply of water, independent of what may be collected from the roof, a point especially indispensable in hot forcing houses of every description. Lean-to houses should have a south-eastern aspect whether for fruits or flowering plants, the morning sun being more strengthening and exhilirating than at any other period of the day. Span-roof houses should stand north and south, with the longer elevation towards the east and west. Conservatories attached to the dwelling house may be regulated by the position of the building or the fancy of the architect, but should be transparent or of glass on all sides, since plants grown in lean-to's can never be made handsome, seeing that they become weakly and distorted by continual stretching towards the light. Plants will not thrive without plenty of light, and must receive its direct influence by being placed near the glass, hence the extensive use of trellises of wood or iron to which the trees are trained. Trellis-work is not to be recommended, however, on the back walls of lean-to's, for if the surface of the glass in the roof is sufficiently covered with foliage there is little to be

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Fig. 148.

nearer to each other. Proper ventilation is the most important item in the management of hothouses; the builder has done his part when he has arranged for the front and a portion of the roof sashes being opened, but the gardener must use his judgment as to when and under what conditions he reduces at any time the interior temperature of the house to that of the exterior, and this forms a most important portion of his art.

"As a guide, we here call the attention of our readers to a class of house, amongst the most economical yet introduced, in which good construction, arrangement, portability, and cheapness are combined. They are adapted to all kinds of gardens, and are so constructed as to obtain the most reliable and complete system of ventilation, while they can be removed and refixed at the expiration of a tenancy without disturbing a single pane of glass. houses are composed of lights of one uniform width -viz., 4 feet 8 inches, and are made any lengths from 8 to 16 feet; all the roofs, sides, and ends being

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Fig. 147.

gained by training on the back wall, except in the case of Figs, which are found to do better in the shade. Wire is the fittest substance for trellis-work, and can be procured galvanised to prevent rust. Lately great attention has been paid to this necessary art, and there are numerous manufactories supplying all the needful strainers, holdfasts, &c., either for the internal portion of glass houses or out-door espaliers. The interiors of greenhouses are generally provided with a stage in the centre and shelves round the sides, on which the plants are arranged. The angle of the centre stage for a promiscuous collection of plants should never exceed the angle of the roof, but should be a little flatter, so as to admit of larger plants being placed on the upper shelves, thus giving a larger and more effective appearance from the inside. Three or four rows are sufficient, the upper shelves being about twice the width of the others. The lowest should not be less than 12 inches wide, and the rise about 8 or 9 inches. For small plants, propagating houses, &c., of course the stages may be much

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thus constructed without rafters or framing, it leaves little or no obstruction to the light.

"The system of ventilation in the roofs and sides is such that each light contains its own ventilator; and this being rendered within the thickness of the sash, ensures economy in packing or transit. The lean-to houses with side lights are constructed so that either all the front or the roof lights may be opened, or each alternate one only. For lean-to houses without front lights the ventilator is placed under the sill, in openings left for that purpose in the brickwork; the air in the latter case is thus not admitted in a direct current against the plants, but below them and immediately over the hot-water pipes, by which it is slightly tempered on entering the house. The spanroof houses are ventilated at each of the gable ends, also along the full length of ridge, and at each side.

"In vineries and Peach houses the framework may rest on piers, the space between them being filled-in with an embanked border. This necessitates side lights, but in many instances, when used for other purposes, no brickwork or other foundations will be required.

varying in length, and for which glass is kept of uniform sizes largely in stock. They are thus supplied at a moderate cost. Manufacturers glaze them with 21-oz. glass in panes 10 inches wide at about 12 per cent. extra to the prices here given.

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'Figs. 147 and 148 show these lights arranged as wall covers, being thus extensively used near Swansea and other towns where the atmosphere is vitiated by the fumes from smelting works, chemicals, smoke, &c. Their cost per foot run including the two ends and one door at the manufactory, divided into two classes, first for the woodwork primed, and secondly painted four coats and glazed complete with 15-oz. glass in panes about 15" x 7", and including all gutters, down pipes, locks, hinges-in fact, with all ironmongery complete, tie rods and columns are as follows, the cost varying considerably in proportion to the length, these being taken at 98 feet and 14 inches long respectively :

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8. d. 8. d. 10 feet lights. 11 9 to 16 6 foot run. 10 feet lights. 17 9 to 12 14 3 to 20 9 12 15 9 to 23 6 14 18 8 to 29 6

8. d. per 24 3 foot run.

21 3 to 80 9

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"Figs. 147 and 148 are internal and external views of these lights adapted as Peach and wall covers, no brickwork, but simply the levelling of the ground, being required. following are the best respective internal widths and heights of these houses when erected-viz.,

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"Fig. 154 is a view of the same kind of house arranged as a span-roof, and the cost classed as before at the manufactory, the lengths being taken at 98 feet and 14 feet respectively are as follows:

Woodwork Primed only, but with all Wood and Glass, Painted Four Coats, Ironmongery. with all Ironmongery.

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"When used as span-roofs, the width in clear of sills will be a few inches more than double the above. The 8-feet houses are the cheapest and most efficient for sheltering plants and small fruit bushes in winter, and with suitable heating apparatus may be used for Cucumbers and Melons. The 10-feet span-roofs form first-class plant houses, feeders to conservatories for the growth of Rhododendrons, Azaleas, &c. It will be observed that these houses are a mere collection of roof and side lights, all being of the same size in width but

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NOTES ON VILLA AND SUBURBAN GARDENING. Snails and Slugs.-By the former I mean those with shells, and by the latter those which are not provided with such an accommodation. Both kinds are very rapacious, and commit sad havoc in a little time if their inroads are not watched. Snails do not burrow, and therefore they are more easily caught. Look for them in the winter in the chinks of walls and the hollows of the roots of old trees. If you have Ivy in your garden you will find that it is their favourite resort for hybernating, and there you will seldom look in vain. I once collected half a bushel of snails from a wall which had been covered with Ivy for many years. The fact is these creatures increase very fast in the autumn, when, as it is beyond their power to do much injury, they are allowed to crawl with impunity in the rank vegetation. The first frosts drive them to their winter quarters, and you will find them in large masses, sometimes looking like conglomerate or plum-pudding stone. The winter, therefore, should never be allowed to pass without a search being instituted, so that they may be taken in their retreats collectively, by which much loss of time and vexation may be prevented in spring.

In gardens of moderate size hand-picking is recommended as the surest mode of keeping under both slugs and snails. This may be done in the daytime when the weather is moist. In the kitchen garden you will find the enemy at the stems of Lettuces and Cabbages, and in the flower garden among the Box, or at the edges of the turf which skirts the beds. Practice will tell you where to look, and an experienced eye will allow but a few to escape, provided time enough be given to the work. As slugs burrow in the ground it will be necessary to trap them. This is done by strewing Cabbage leaves on the spots they frequent, or where their ravages are to be feared. Hand-picking and trapping will soon relieve you from the fears which the amateur sometimes experiences when in early spring all his handiworks are threatened with destruction. In a small garden they may be, and ought to be, nearly extirpated; and when we see such little spots covered with slimy traces we conclude that carelessness has secured them an impunity and favoured their propagation.

It is well known that powdered quicklime is fatal to slugs if it falls on them in very small quantities. If the land is much infested this remedy should be adopted, a still damp evening for a flower garden; lime water is more useable, and may be being chosen for the purpose. But this is an untidy procedure where the eye cannot conveniently reach. But lime water often applied with success at the stubby stems of Hollyhocks, &c., fails if only once used, the dose should therefore be repeated. I have often tried experiments on slugs with lime water, and sometimes they will cast off the slough and crawl away appa

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