been violated with regard to the Potato. If an animal is taken "I remark further, that it is a disease and not a blight, and that feebleness of constitution in the Potato is the great predisposing cause of the disease." The same causes always producing the same effects. In all cases when the disease sets in just as the plant is making an effort to perfect its tubers it is more violent than when the tubers are in a more advanced state; this is the reason why early Potatoes ripening in July are not so liable to an attack of the disease as are later crops. In the first place, early kinds have always been more carefully treated; and secondly, they are scarcely ever subject to the same exciting causes, arising from sudden changes during their growing season." "I come now to the principal cause of the disease-viz., the constant rubbing-off of the shoots of the seed tubers, which operation being repeated year after year has so diminished its vital energies, that the constitution of the Potato has become weakened and debilitated, and thereby rendered increasingly susceptible of disease. And the constant ill-treatment and high cultivation it has been subject to, combined with the sudden changes of our variable climate, have brought it into a state of disease." "As a grower, I well remember how this process has been conducted, generally once before Christmas and twice or thrice afterwards, and on each occasion shoots in large quantities have been taken away. I once said to one of my men as he was taking away a large basket full of these shoots to the muck heap, 'Don't you think it will greatly exhaust the Potato to be continually taking away these shoots?' He replied, 'No doubt of that; and, besides, you wo'n't have so many Potatoes in measure by nearly one-third at planting time as when they were first stored away.' I found this to be perfectly correct, for when planting time came the tubers were reduced to about half their original weight; they had lost their solidity, and handled like pieces of sponge, consequently their life, and health, and vigour must have been greatly reduced." "The next consideration is the storing of the tubers for seed, a matter of the most vital importance, because the first shoots must positively be preserved. I lay more stress upon this than upon anything else, because it is of more importance than all other things together, for if you put your seed Potatoes away in masses and encourage them to grow out, and repeatedly take away the shoots, you take away that power which would enable them to resist the disease in the future. The seed tubers, therefore, should be stored as soon as they are dug up. Dry warm days should be chosen for this work, for if they are taken up wet they can never be dried so well afterwards, and if you can let them remain in the sun for a few days after they are taken up so much better; but never mind about greening them before they are stored, they will green fast enough afterwards if properly stored. In all cases handle them very carefully, even as you would your choice Apples and Pears; always set the most careful man you have to select your seed Potatoes if you cannot possibly do it yourself." "The time of planting will vary a little, and will depend also upon the weather and the state of the soil. March is the proper time, and it is a very good rule to begin at the beginning and finish at the end of the month; but if the weather is open, and the soil in a fit state, planting may be begun in February, especially where there are large quantities to be planted; but should it be a backward, wet season, and the land in an unfit condition, it will be much better to wait, even though it may become necessary to put on extra strength to get them in quickly, for there is generally dry weather in March. In all cases planting should be finished by the middle of April. There will be no great difference between their times of coming out of the ground, for even those planted in April will be up quite as soon as it will be safe, for we often get hard frosts the first or second week in May." say, CROQUET GROUND.-In your Journal of February 5th you "60 yards by 20 yards is a good proportion." Sixty yards would be too long, and 20 yards too narrow. A full-sized croquet ground is 40 yards by 30 yards. All the grounds at Wimbledon are set out of this size.-G. A. sets. We are aware that the full size for one set is as stated by our correspondent.—EDs.] NOTES BY THE WAY.-No. 3. THE town of Mentone, or Menton as it is now called, since its annexation for the second time to France, is a small place with a resident population of little over six thousand, but in the season, which extends from the middle of November till the end of April, it is increased by between two and three thousand. It is situated in one of those lovely crescentshaped bays in the Gulf of Genoa, of which Capo S. Martino and Bordighera respectively form the horns, and Mentone is in the centre of the crescent. No breath of rude winter wind basking in a brilliant sun, and the blue Mediterranean in ever comes near it, and there it lies in the month of January front reflecting the rays like a Titanic mirror. But for all that Mentone has its troubles, and those who come here expecting to be rid of theirs are too frequently disappointed. It is said that "every Rose has its thorn," and health-seekers will find that even here they cannot indulge in acts of indiscretion any more than they can elsewhere. Though the climate is so fine it is very treacherous. The mornings and evenings are cool while the days are sometimes insufferably hot; and when the wind blows from the sea, even on these hot days when invalids are tempted to sit and lounge about, they almost invariably catch colds which are sometimes of a very serious character. The vegetation with which we are everywhere surrounded has all the character of a subtropical region. The Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera), of which there are some magnificent specimens in the gardens, here seems to luxuriate; but though it blooms and fruits freely, there is not sufficient heat to mature the fruit. Agaves abound, both the green and the golden-striped variety, these being planted in rows along the promenade and in all gardens. At Villa Medecin, the residence of the Mayor, I measured the leaves of a striped one, which were 6 feet 6 inches long, and this was not the case with one plant only, but with many. I thought how some of our exhibitors at home would long to have a pair of such for a collection of twelve greenhouse plants. Here there are no greenhouses, and the Agave is a hardy plant, growing on hillsides by the roads and railways. Among the other plants grown in the gardens and shrubberies are Sparmannia africana, Australian Acacias, and Mimosas of several species, and towering above everything may be seen in every garden EucaSalvia fulgens, lyptus globulus, in some cases 50 feet high. Cineraria maritima, Veronica Andersoni, and Fabiana imbricata assume the form of bushy shrubs, while there are Roses now covered with bloom, conspicuous among them Maréchal Niel and Gloire de Dijon. Datura arborea and the red variety of Castor Oil plant (Ricinus communis sanguineus) are quite trees, now blooming abundantly. Eriobotrya japonica, Justicia arborea, Abutilon striatum, Habrothamnus elegans are also large trees or shrubs now in bloom. The Prickly Pear (Opuntia) is seen in great masses everywhere; and one of the most elegant and most abundantly-grown trees of any is Schinus Molle, a very elegant and graceful tree, with its pendant pinnate leaves and its clusters of coral red berries. When bruised the leaves have a strong balsamic odour, and emit a milky juice which is quite resinous. This tree is very properly planted everywhere. At Nice there are rows of them on the Quai Massena, in the public gardens, and, indeed, wherever trees are planted. Pittosporum Tobira is also another favourite tree, attaining the size and producing much the same effect that Portugal Laurels do in England. The Oleander is very abundant. but not yet in bloom. There is a pretty plant which produces a fine effect here at present, and which at first sight looks like Tropæolum canariense, as it rambles over screens, bowers, and buildings; it is Senecio mikaniæformis. I never see it in England anywhere. I should think it would make a good conservatory climber, and it blooms all the winter. It is much grown in pots and suspended from corbeilles in Belgium, from which it depends in "Creeping Jenny" fashion. Gardening in the south of Europe is not practised—at least itself, and neither gets nor needs tending. Trees are pruned what we in England call gardening. Everything here grows of when they need pruning, and weeds are kept down when they grow; but the climate is so hot in summer that neither weeds nor garden flowers can grow. To garden here means incessant watering, and water is scarce except during the rainy season [The croquet ground 60 yards by 20 yards is used for two and when occasional showers come. Kitchen-garden crops are good, and the markets are bountifully supplied. Already, in January, early Peas are coming in. The gardens in the suburbs have all rows of Peas now 4 feet high in full bloom and some pods showing. Broccoli is very abundant. The great cultures here are Oranges, Lemons, Olives, and Grapes. Of the Oranges I cannot speak in very high terms, for although they look by appearance to be ripe, they really will not be so till April or May. In some instances I have observed the crop being gathered now, doubtless for exportation, as the fruit will now bear carriage better than it will when fully ripe. I doubt much if they ever attain the high perfection we find in the St. Michael's and Maltese Oranges imported into England. The greatest height above the sea where I have found the Orange growing is 640 feet on the terraced gardens on the mountains. The Orange is not so extensively cultivated as the Lemon, although the tree withstands a greater amount of cold, and is hardier, the reason being that the Lemons cultivated about Mentone are said to be the finest to be had in commerce. The annual produce is said to be thirty millions of fruit. Every day at this season the women may be seen bringing in great baskets full of fine large fruit from the gardens to the merchants' stores, all of which are carried on the head-such weights as almost terrify one to think how these people can bear them for such distances as they travel. I am told that some of them come from two or three miles with a load which cannot be less than a hundredweight. They remind me of the Strawberry women who used some years ago to carry the finest Strawberries from distances about Isleworth, Twickenham, Mortlake, and Deptford to Covent Garden Market. This practice seems aban-ling insects," because their labours are carried on at night, or doned now, and the fruit is carried in carts made expressly for the purpose. Some contrivance might be devised here to liberate the women from such unwomanly drudgery, and one instinctively asks why it cannot be done by mules, which perform every other carrying work that is needful between the town and the mountains. I am told the Lemon blooms all the year, and that it produces four successional crops. There are places here where essences are extracted in large quantities from the Orange and Lemon peels, and this forms one of the important commercial products of the place. One of the largest of these is conducted by the Mayor, M. Medecin, and the large merchant of the town in the finest Lemons has his magazine in front of the window where I now write. The Olive tree grows here in great luxuriance, and attains an enormous size and great age. I measured one near the Borigo valley, a very old tree, which 2 feet from the ground was 18 feet in circumference. The trunk was very deeply furrowed, and the tree itself, which is now becoming rather bare and " stag-headed," resembles in its old age one of our old trees of Salix alba. The Olive may be said to be the tree of the country. Wherever you see a shade of sombre green be assured it is an Olive. In ascending the mountains I found it cultivated to the height of between 1300 and 1400 feet, and then it ceased to give place to Chestnuts, Walnuts, and Figs. The Olive seems to be a tree of great vitality, for however old it may be, and however denuded its branches are, there is always a crop of strong suckers emitted round the trunk and from the roots. Some of the trees I have seen must be many centuries old, and from them we can gather how long these terraced gardens in this country, which reach even to the top of the highest hills, have been made; for on the way to S. Agnese, 1300 feet above the sea, I saw some patriarchal trees, now going to decay, occupying their original place on the top of the retaining wall of the terrace.-R., Mentone. which are, at least occasionally, guilty of touching in a garden The Necrophori are more common in rural districts where habitations are sparingly distributed than they are in the vicinity of large towns. Possibly they consider that where the latter exist men ought to take upon themselves the duty of scavengers, and not require much aid from the insect world. Walls will not exclude them from a garden should they be desirous of entering it; and where there is one of these to be seen we may be almost certain that there are others not far off, for it is their wonted plan to work in parties. Strong and THE BEAUTIFUL AND USEFUL INSECTS OF persevering as these insects are while at their toil, which is not OUR GARDENS.-No. 16. so much for the benefit of themselves, but of their offspring, they could not succeed in some of their endeavours if they did In a locality which shall be nameless here an individual not work together, and also on a mutual understanding. Not resides who is not by any means a bad amateur gardener, and only may they be called gravediggers, they are also undertakers, who cultivates the study of zoology as well as horticulture. for they take under whatever object it be upon which their The former he has managed to turn to a practical purpose attention is concentrated. Nor does it cease to be regarded in his garden, and sundry four-legged creatures roam there with interest even after it has been hidden from view; for upon which many persons look with suspicion, and perhaps after a dead animal has been decently buried these beetles disgust. You walk up to one of the sheltered walls to examine enter the earth themselves, or at all events the females do. his fruit trees, and on the ground, snugly ensconced in an It is beyond the power of the Necrophori to remove a quadruangle of the wall, and reposing there after he has been ban-ped, bird, or fish of any size from the place where they find it, queting upon a host of snails, a huge toad leers up at you. so their plan is to sink a hole beneath the body and remove As you sit in his summer-house you hear a strange rustling the earth which presses around it as it sinks into the cavity, under the seat, and presently from a corner out walks a hedge- until at last it is brought several inches below the surface, hog, introduced to the domain on account of its appetite for when by a continuance of the labour the earth is filled-in. insects, especially beetles. Birds of various species, some of Figuier says that the depth at which a carcase is laid is from 7 to 10 inches in the instance of the burying beetles that are most common: this, however, is a little over-estimated. The head and the legs are, of course, the only implements the beetle can employ; but by changing its position, and alternately employing different pairs of legs, one of them has been seen to work on with scarcely a moment's pause for some hours. By several pushing or dragging together, these insects manage to shift a dead animal a little, should it not be precisely as they wish; but I can scarcely credit the statement of Gleditsch, that when he had set several of the Necrophori to bury a dead linnet, one of them, by an extraordinary effort, lifted the bird and placed it in the grave. Some credit is certainly due to this entomologist for having through nearly two months watched a number of these at their labours, giving them a variety of subjects to work upon. He found (and the experiment has been repeated by others), that if a dead animal was fastened to the end of a stick, and even tied thereto, the beetles will undermine the stick and gnaw asunder the string by which the carcase is secured. It would be curious to ascertain-which has not yet been done-whether the burying beetles would attempt to do anything with a dead animal lying amongst long grass, where digging could hardly be attempted. The largest burying beetle found in Britain (Necrophorus germanicus, fig. 1) is nearly black; the other species are banded with orange and black, and of these N. vespillo (fig. 2) seems most generally distributed. The odour they give forth is peculiar and disagreeable; not, however, exactly resembling the products of decomposition, but rather musky, no doubt protecting the species from the attacks of some enemy. The larvæ also, longbodied creatures, with scaly segments and very short legs, grow slowly, and, having attained their full size, form earth cocoons for themselves, coming forth as beetles in early summer. The poet has managed to throw a little romance about the proceedings of the burying beetles, and writes thus of them : "From sire to son through circling years In the tribe of Silphide are smaller species as serviceable to man as the Necrophori; some, indeed, more so-as, for ex larvæ devour offensive and decaying substances, which are not interred by the parent beetles usually, though they had long ago the name of "Sextons" given to them, because they are sometimes to be seen digging into the earth, or into manure, &c., resting thereupon. It must be acknowledged that one of the Silphide-namely, S. obscura, has been found in the act of doing damage to Beetroot, which fact is, therefore, a partial set-off against the services of certain of its relatives. S. lævigata preys frequently upon snails; and despite the spume which these molluscs throw out when they are approached by an insect enemy, the beetle manages to overcome and devour them. The larvae of the Silphide are likely enough to be turned up by the spade or fork, and as likely to be considered hurtful creatures, for they are black unpleasant-looking grubs, yet, with the one exception mentioned, rather useful than otherwise. They are much more rapid in their movements than the larvæ of the Necrophori.-J. R. S. C. ASSOCIATION OF SCULPTURE WITH PLANTS. WHATELEY observed justly of the dressed grounds, that "nothing should seem neglected near the house; it is a scene of the most cultivated nature; it ought to be enriched; it ought to be adorned; and design may be avowed in the plan, and expense in the execution. Even regularity is not ex cluded; so capital a structure may extend its influence beyond its walls; but this power should be exercised only over its immediate appendages. The platform upon which the house stands is generally continued to a certain breadth on every side, and, whether it be pavement or gravel, may undoubtedly coincide with the shape of the building. The road which leads up to the door may go off from it in an equal angle, so that the two sides shall exactly correspond; and certain ornaments, though detached, are yet rather within the province of architecture than of gardening. Works of sculpture are not, like buildings, objects familiar in scenes of cultivated nature; but vases, statues, and termini, are usual appendages to a considerable edifice; as such they may attend the mansion and trespass a little upon the garden, provided they are not carried so far into it as to lose their connection with the structure. Some pieces of sculpture also, such as vases and termini, may perhaps now and then be used to extend the appearance of a garden beyond its limits, and to raise the mead in which they are placed above the ordinary improvements of cultivated Nature. At other times they may be applied as ornaments to the most polished lawns. The traditional ideas we have conceived of Arcadian scenes correspond with such decorations; and sometimes a solitary urn, inscribed to the memory of a person now no more, but who once frequented the shades where it stands, is an object equally elegant and interesting." One test of a gardener's good taste is the planting he selects for near a terrace and vased wall. We never saw such structures look anything but heavy if round-headed shrubs were associated with them. Irish Yews and other pyramidal-formed plants are especially congruous with such architectures. Of flowers, the white Lily grouped near them, as shown in the accompanying woodcut, for which we are indebted to Cassell's edition of Figuier's "Vegetable World," is especially effective. PROLONGING LIFE IN CUT FLOWERS.-M. Fremont, a chemist, in a letter to the French Society of Horticulture, mentions a way of preserving cut flowers in a state of freshness. It is to dissolve sal-ammoniac, or chlorhydrate of ammonia (obtainable of any druggist) with the water in which the stems are put, in the proportion of five grains to a pint and a half of water. In this way, it is said, they will often keep fresh for a fortnight.(Irish Farmers' Gazette.) NOTES AND GLEANINGS. WE observe that M. Alégatière, of Lyons, will send out in May three new DOUBLE ZONAL GERANIUMS, raised by M. Jean Sisley. They appear to be very remarkable, Georges Sand having double flowers larger than any single one known. It is white when grown under glass, and rose-tinted in the open. François Pertusati has large double flowers, aurora, edged with white. Carl Vogt has medium-sized flowers of a salmon orange of a new shade. Ar last, stirred into action probably by the prospect of the early completion of the new City Fruit and Vegetable Market, the Duke of Bedford has determined to cover-in COVENT GARDEN MARKET. An extraordinary general meeting of the Market Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Farmers' Association was held at the Bedford Head Hotel, Covent Garden, on the 7th inst., to take into consideration the model of the proposed covering. Several of the members were of opinion that the proposed erection was not high enough, and that the 4 feet left open on either side was very objectionable. The openings at the side and the low roof were stated to be for the convenience of those persons who occupy the upper rooms over the shops in the centre row. One of the members suggested that the roof should be carried up 4 feet above the parapet of the buildings on either side, which would afford plenty of light and ventilation to the upper rooms. It was ultimately resolved that a deputation should wait upon the agent to the Duke to thank him for the proposal of covering the market, and to suggest a few alterations and improvements in the model submitted. (Building News.) MR. ALFRED DE ROTHSCHILD, the Chairman of the ensuing GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT INSTITUTION ANNIVERSARY DINNER, has named Thursday, the 2nd of July, for that purpose. It is the day after the great Kose Show at Kensington, and several of the leading exhibitors have promised to send their plants from the Exhibition to the London Tavern to assist in decorating the rooms. MESSRS. SUTTON, of the Reading Royal Seed Establishment, are presenting a coloured geological map with their "Farmers' Year Book." They think it has long been a desideratum, as it points out to the farmer and landowner the geological strata of the district in which the farm is situated; and tables of the Grasses suitable to soils on the strata are given. NOTES ON VILLA AND SUBURBAN GARDENING. THE amateur who possesses a greenhouse should, towards the beginning of next month, shift Geraniums that are well rooted, using a rather heavy and rich soil, potting, forcing, and keeping the plants well tied out and near the glass. See that Camellias are never allowed to get dry at the root, otherwise you may lose your buds, and do not expose the plants to cutting currents of air. Calceolarias that are well rooted in small pots should now have more pot-room. A soil of half loam and well-decayed dung or leaf mould, with a little sand, suits them well. Pelargoniums which are intended to bloom in the greenhouse must now be removed into their flowering pots, and the branches must moreover be tied-out if large symmetrical plants are desired. Those stopped in November will flower in May; a second lot should now be stopped to flower in June and July, and a third about the middle of April to bloom in August and September. For growing Pelargoniums I have never found anything equal to the parings of grass edgings, or thin turf one year old, and leaf mould and peat earth in proportions of four parts of the former to two parts of each of the latter roughly mixed together, but not sifted; in fact I never sift soil under any circumstances, unless for the purpose of taking the fine particles out, and using the turfy portions only. This compost, with the admixture of a little sand if the plant is delicate, or loam if of luxuriant growth, will answer for all kinds of greenhouse plants, with the exception of Heaths and other delicate-rooted hardwooded plants. The best plan is to allow the soil in the pot to have the appearance of dryness, but never sufficient to make the plants flag, before a supply is given, which should then be pretty copious; but always empty water out of the pan or feeder in which the pot stands as soon as the soil is properly drained. The water used for the purpose ought always to be of about the same temperature as the room in which the plants grow. Never use it fresh from the pump; either let it stand in a warm room all night, or take off the chill by adding a little warm water to it, or the growth of the plants will be much checked. The principles of correct planting in the open ground are the same as those which regulate pot culture, allowance being made for the altered circumstances of the plants; indeed, good planting is even more necessary for plants in pots, since they are so artificially situated, and have so little chance of being liberated from the bad management of man by any intervention of Nature. A tree may possibly get on in spite of the want of skill in the planter, because, the soil being favourable, the roots may escape from their pent-up position, and abundant rains may redispose the clods so unceremoniously thrown upon them; but let a plant be once badly potted, and its chance of flourishing is gone. The pot presents an impenetrable barrier to the roots, and the water applied only makes the soil more compact and less capable of fulfilling its office. There is also this difference between planting in the open air and in pots:-In the one case the work only requires to be done once, while in the other the operation must often be renewed; yet how constantly is this particular forgotten by amateurs who are really fond of flowers, whose collections are sickly because the pots are full of labyrinths of roots, which in hopeless continuity perform pilgrimages around the walls of their prison, seeking a loophole for escape. Turn the mass out of the pot, and how curious is the spectacle. The soil, by some strange process, is gone, and in its place there is a coil of vegetable fibre, which in some cases has traversed six times round the pot in search of fresh nutriment. Auriculas and Polyanthuses must receive their spring dressing by removing the surface soil of each pot down to the roots, and for this or any other flower, for it may be asserted as a natural replacing it with the usual compost. Avoid using rich manure law, that as all plants like fresh soil and leaf mould, a compost of these two ingredients with a little sand will grow plants as healthy, though possibly not so luxuriantly, as a complicated admixture of more stimulating materials. After the plants are replaced in the frame they must have all the air possible by day and night in mild weather, but must be protected from frost. but take care that the water does not stagnate in the centre of A gentle shower of rain will not injure them on a mild morning, the plant, or the bloom will be injured. The time has now arrived for the florist to bestir himself. Ranunculuses and Anemones should be planted now. Carnations and Picotee layers that have been stored in frames in small pots may now be removed into their blooming ones, taking care that the soil used does not contain wireworms, which are Where there is convenience the their most deadly enemies. plants may be returned to the frame after being potted, but place that they can be protected from rains. where there is not they must be so placed together in a sheltered Sow Carnation seed in pots or seed-pans, and protect it from rain and vermin. In the flower garden finish the pruning of Roses; in doing so thin-out the weak shoots, and shorten the strong and wellripened ones to four or six buds according to their strength. Strong-growing kinds such as Brennus, Fulgens, Triomphe d'Angers, and others of similar habit, with most of the Noisette Roses, when budded on tall stems make beautiful objects if instead of being shortened the shoots are turned down and tied to and Larkspurs, and prepare for general sowings of annuals next the lower parts of the stem. In the borders sow Sweet Peas month; but do not rake the borders at present, or they will be rendered almost impenetrable for the whole of the season. Hoe or fork them over 2 or 3 inches deep as often as you please, but do not rake them until the dry winds of March have abstracted a little of the superfluous moisture from the soil. For the sake of a few days' neatness in the early part of the spring, we frequently do more injury to the soil and summer flowers than can be remedied during the remainder of the season. When the weather will permit, edgings of various kinds may be planted, such as Box, Thrift, Daisies, London Pride, or Gentianella; but while it continues cold care must be taken of anything liable to be injured by frost. VEGETABLES.-As soon as the weather is favourable a small sowing of Peas and Beans may be made, and as the busy season is at hand everything that can now be done should be forwarded before that time. Ground intended for Onions and Carrots may be pointed over and well broken-up. Alterations and improvements (if any), around the villa should be proceeded with. FRUIT.-If any fruit trees remain to be pruned they should be finished now; the Grape Vine especially, if not cut in autumn, must not be delayed.-W. KEANE. DOINGS OF THE LAST AND PRESENT WEEKS. KITCHEN AND FRUIT GARDEN. Protecting Blossom from Spring Frosts.-The forward state of the blossoms of Apricot trees demands that steps should be taken to protect them from frosts. Peach trees on south walls are also in a forward state, indeed more so than those grown in orchard houses. In many large gardens glass cases have been erected against the walls, and under good management they are certainly most efficient protectors. Some have gone so far as to cover their walls with glass in this way, and have fixed hot-water pipes as well. The ordinary coverings are formed of canvas, which is rolled-up under a wood er stone coping in the daytime. Moveable wooden copings are the best; these may be made to project about 11 inches over the trees, being required only when the trees are in flower. They may be removed to a place under cover at other times, and will thus last much longer than if they were constantly exposed to the weather. We have used various materials for protecting the blossoms of fruit trees from frost. Frigi-domo and a material made by Collinge & Son, of Peel Street, Manchester, are the best we are at present acquainted with. The way to manage with the shading is to have poles laid against the wall and let into the ground about a foot. The poles need not come out more |