Elements of Political EconomyMacmillan, 1903 - 538 стор. |
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Adam Smith advantage agricultural amount applied Bank of England banking bequest bimetallism Book causes Chap CHAPTER classes coins commodities competition considered consumer contract cost currency depends depreciation difficulty diminishing diminishing return distribution disutility division of labour economic progress economic rent effect elements employment England equal exchange expenditure exports extent fall foreign trade gold greater Gresham's law idea importance income increase individuals industrial influence involved kind labour and capital land limited marginal marginal cost marginal utility means ment metallic method Mill modern monetary monopoly natural necessary nomic notes obtained owner particular payment Political Economy present Principles productive power profits quantity quasi-rent rate of interest rate of wages regards relative revenue sense silver social sumer supposed taxation term theory things tion token coins trade unions United Kingdom utility wealth whilst whole
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Сторінка 434 - The subjects of every state ought to contribute toward the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.
Сторінка 415 - ... the duty of erecting and maintaining certain public works and certain public institutions which it can never be for the interest of any individual, or small number of individuals, to erect and maintain; because the profit could never repay the expense to any individual or small number of individuals, though it may frequently do much more than repay it to a great society.
Сторінка 448 - Every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner, in which it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it.
Сторінка 443 - Both ground-rents and the ordinary rent of land are a species of revenue which the owner, in many cases, enjoys without any care or attention of his own. Though a part of this revenue should be taken from him in order to defray the expenses of the state, no discouragement will thereby be given to any sort of industry.
Сторінка 449 - Every tax ought to be so contrived as both to take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people as Little as possible, over and above what it brings into the public treasury of the state.
Сторінка 452 - A direct tax is one which is demanded from the very persons who, it is intended or desired, should pay it. Indirect taxes are those which are demanded from one person in the expectation and intention that he shall indemnify himself at the expense of another ; such as the excise or customs.
Сторінка 63 - Give a man the secure possession of a bleak rock, and he will turn it into a garden ; give him • Arthur Young's Travelt in France, ml. ip 88. } Ibid. p. 51. a nine years lease of a garden, and he will convert it into a desert.
Сторінка 174 - The profits of stock, it may perhaps be thought, are only a different name for the wages of a particular sort of labour, the labour of inspection and direction. They are, however, altogether different, are regulated by quite different principles, and bear no proportion to the quantity, the hardship, or the ingenuity of this supposed labour of inspection and direction.
Сторінка 443 - The ordinary rent of land is in many cases owing, partly at least, to the attention and good management of the landlord. A very heavy tax might discourage too much this attention and good management. Ground rents, so far as they exceed the ordinary rent of land, are altogether owing to the good government of the sovereign...
Сторінка 427 - To be prevented from doing what one is inclined to, or from acting according to one's own judgment of what is desirable, is not only always irksome, but always tends, pro tanto, to starve the development of some portion of the bodily or mental faculties, either sensitive or active ; and unless the conscience of the individual goes freely with the legal restraint, it partakes, either in a great or in a small degree, of the degradation of slavery.