tracting parties to co-operate with their whole power against France and her allies it was stipulated, that neither side should engage in a separate treaty, on any pretence whatsoever; that no peace should be admitted, until the treaties of Westphalia, Osnaburg, Munster, and the Pyrenees should have been vindicated; that, in case of a negociation for a peace or truce, the transactions on both sides should be communicated bona fide; and that Spain and England should be invited to accede to the treaty. In a separate article, the contracting powers agreed, that in case of the Spanish king's dying without issue, the States-General should assist the emperor with all their forces to take possession of that monarchy; that they should use their friendly endeavors with the princes electors, their allies, towards elevating his son Joseph to the dignity of king of the Romans; and employ their utmost force against France, should she attempt to oppose his elevation.

16. William, who was the soul of this confederacy, found no difficulty in persuading the English to undertake a war against their old enemies and rivals. On April 16, Mr. Hambden made a motion for taking into consideration the state of the kingdom with respect to France and foreign alliances; and the commons unanimously resolved, that in case his majesty should think fit to engage in war with France, they would, in a parliamentary way, enable him to carry it on with vigor: an address was immediately drawn up, and presented to the king, desiring he would seriously consider the destructive methods taken of late years by the French king against the trade, quiet, and interest of the nation; particularly his present invasion of Ireland, and supporting the rebels in that kingdom. They did not doubt but the alliances already made, and those that might hereafter be concluded by his majesty, would be sufficient to reduce the French king to such a condition, that it should not be in his power to violate the peace of Christendom, nor prejudice the trade and prosperity of England; in the mean time they assured his majesty he might depend on the assistance of his parliament, according to the vote which had passed in the house of commons. This was a welcome address to king William : he assured them that no part of the supplies which they might grant for the prosecution of the war should be misapplied; and, on May 7, he declared war against the French monarch. On this occasion, Louis was charged with having ambitiously invaded the territories of the emperor, and denounced war against the allies of England, in violation of the treaties confirmed under the guarantee of the English crown; with having encroached on the fishery of Newfoundland, invaded the Caribbee islands, taken forcible possession of New York and Hudson's-bay, made depredations on the English at sea, prohibited the importation of English manufactures, disputed the right of the flag, persecuted many English subjects on account of religion contrary to express treaties and the law of na

tions, and sent an armament to Ireland in support of the rebels of that kingdom.

17. Having thus described the progress of the revolution in England, we shall now briefly explain the measures that were prosecuted in Scotland towards the establishment of William on the throne of that kingdom. The meeting of the Scottish convention was fixed for March 14; and both parties employed all their interest to influence the election of members. The duke of Hamilton and all the presbyterians declared for William the duke of Gordon maintained the castle of Edinburgh for his old master; but, as he had neglected to lay in a store of provisions, he depended entirely on the citizens for subsistence. The partisans of James were headed by the earl of Balcarras, and Graham viscount Dundee, who employed their endeavors to preserve union among the individuals of their party; to confirm the duke of Gordon, who began to waver in his attachment to their sovereign; and to manage their intrigues in such a manner as to derive some advantage to their cause from the transactions of the ensuing session. When the lords and commons assembled at Edinburgh, the bishop of that diocese, who officiated as chaplain to the convention, prayed for the restoration of king James. The first dispute turned on the choice of a president: the friends of the late king set up the marquis of Athol in opposition to the duke of Hamilton; but this last was elected by a considerable majority; and a good number of the other party, finding their cause the weakest, deserted it from that moment the earls of Lothian and Tweedale were sent as deputies, to require the duke of Gordon, in the name of the estates, to quit the castle in four-and-twenty hours, and leave the charge of it to the protestant officer next in command. The duke, though in himself irresolute, was animated by Dundee to demand such conditions as the convention would not grant the negociation proving ineffectual, the states ordered the heralds, in all their formalities, to summon him to surrender the castle immediately, on pain of incurring the penalties of high treason; and he refusing to obey their mandate, was proclaimed a traitor all persons were forbidden, under the same penalties, to aid, succor, or correspond with him; and the castle was blocked up with the troops of the city.

18. Next day an express arrived from London, with a letter from king William to the estates; and, at the same time, another from James was presented by one Crane, an English domestic of the abdicated queen. William observed, that he had called a meeting of their estates at the desire of the nobility and gentry of Scotland assembled at London, who requested that he would take on himself the administration of their affairs he exhorted them to concert measures for settling the peace of the kingdom on a solid foundation; and to lay aside animosities and factions, which served only to impede that salutary settlement: he professed himself sensible

of the good effects that would arise from a union of the two kingdoms; and assured them he would use his best endeavors to promote such a coalition. A committee being appointed to draw up a respectful answer to these assurances, a debate ensued about the letter from the late king James: this they resolved to favor with a reading, after the members should have subscribed an act, declaring, that notwithstanding any thing that might be contained in the letter for dissolving the convention or impeding their procedure, they were a free and lawful meeting of the states; and would continue undissolved, until they should have settled and secured the protestant religion, the government, laws, and liberties of the kingdom. Having taken this precaution, they proceeded to examine the letter of the late sovereign, who conjured them to support his interest as faithful subjects, and eternise their names by a loyalty suitable to their former professions: he said he would not fail to give them such speedy and powerful assistance as would enable them to defend themselves from any foreign attempt; and even to assert his right against those enemies, who had depressed it by the blackest usurpations and unnatural attempts, which the Almighty God would not allow to pass unpunished he offered pardon to all those who should return to their duty before the last day of the month, and threatened to punish rigorously such as should stand out in rebellion against him and his authority.

19. This address produced very little effect in favor of the unfortunate exile, whose friends were greatly outnumbered in this assembly: his messenger was ordered into custody, and afterwards dismissed with a pass instead of an answer. James, foreseeing this contempt, had, by an instrument dated in Ireland, authorised the archbishop of Glasgow, the earl of Balcarras, and the viscount Dundee, to call a convention of the estates at Stirling these three depended on the interest of the marquis of Athol and the earl of Mar, who professed the warmest affection for the late king; and they hoped a secession of their friends would embarrass the convention, so as to retard the settlement of king William : their expectations, however, were disappointed: Athol deserted their cause, and Mar suffered himself to be intercepted in his retreat: the rest of their party were, by the vigilance of the duke of Hamilton, prevented from leaving the convention, except the viscount Dundee, who retreated to the mountains with about fifty horse, and was pursued by order of the estates. This design being frustrated, the convention approved and recognised, by a solemn act, the conduct of the nobility and gentlemen who had entreated the king of England to take on him the administration; they acknowledged their obligation to the prince of Orange, who had prevented the destruction of their laws, religion, and fundamental constitution; they besought his highness to assume the reins of government for that kingdom; they issued a proclamation, requiring all persons

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from sixteen to sixty to be in readiness to take arms when called on for that purpose; they conferred the command of their horsemilitia on Sir Patrick Hume, who was formerly attainted for having been concerned in Argyle's insurrection; they levied 800 men for a guard to the city of Edinburgh, and constituted the earl of Leven their commander; they put the militia all over the kingdom into the hands of those on whom they could rely; they created the earl of Mar governor of Stirling-castle; they received a reinforcement of five regiments from England, under the command of Mackay, whom they appointed their general; and they issued orders for securing all disaffected persons: then they despatched lord Ross, with an answer to king William's letter, professing their gratitude to their deliverer, and congratulating him on his success. They thanked him for assuming the administration of their affairs, and assembling a convention of their estates: they declared they would take effectual and speedy measures for securing the protestant religion, as well as for establishing the government, laws, and liberties of the kingdom: they assured him they would, as much as lay in their power, avoid disputes and animosities; and desired the continuance of his majesty's care and protection.

20. After the departure of lord Ross, they appointed a committee, consisting of eight lords, eight knights, and as many burgesses, to prepare the plan of a new settlement: but this resolution was not taken without a vigorous opposition from some remaining adherents of the late king, headed by the archbishop of Glasgow ; all the other prelates, except he of Edinburgh, having already deserted the convention. After warm debates, the committee agreed in the following vote:-'the estates of the kingdom of Scotland find and declare, that king James VII., being a professed papist, did assume the royal power, and act as a king, without ever taking the oath required by law; and had, by the advice of evil and wicked counsellors, invaded the fundamental constitution of this kingdom, and altered it from a legal and limited monarchy to an arbitrary despotic power; and had governed the same to the subversion of the protestant religion, and violation of the laws and liberties of the nation, inverting all the ends of government; whereby he had forfaulted the right of the crown, and the throne was become vacant.' When this vote was reported, the bishop of Edinburgh argued strenuously against it, as containing a charge of which the king was innocent; and he proposed that his majesty should be invited to return to his Scottish dominions. All his arguments were defeated or over-ruled, and the house confirmed the vote, which was immediately enacted into a law by a great majority: the lord president declared the throne vacant, and proposed that it might be filled with William and Mary, king and queen of England: the committee was ordered to prepare an act for settling the crown on their majesties, together with an instrument of govern

ment for securing the subjects from the grievances under which they labored.

21. On the eleventh day of April, this act, with the conditions of inheritance and the instrument, were reported, considered, unani-mously approved, and solemnly proclaimed at the market-cross of Edinburgh, in presence of the lord president, assisted by the lord provost and magistracy of the city, the duke of Queensbury, the marquises of Athol and Douglas, together with a great number of the nobility and gentry at the same time they published another proclamation, forbidding all persons to acknowledge, obey, assist, or correspond with the late king James; or, by word, writing, or sermon to dispute or disown the royal authority of king William and queen Mary; or to misconstrue the proceedings of the estates; or create jealousies or misapprehensions with regard to the transactions of the government, on pain of incurring the most severe penalties: then, having settled the coronation oath, they granted a commission to the earl of Argyle for the lords, to Sir James Montgomery for the knights, and to Sir John Dalrymple for the boroughs, empowering them to repair to London, and invest their majesties with the government. This affair being discussed, the convention appointed a committee to take care of the public peace, and adjourned to May 21. On the eleventh day of that month, the Scottish commissioners, being introduced to their majesties at Whitehall, presented first a preparatory letter from the estates; then the instrument of government, with a paper containing a recital of the grievances of the nation; and an address, desiring his majesty to convert the convention into a parliament. The king having graciously promised to concur with them in all just measures for the interest of the kingdom, the coronation oath was tendered to their majesties by the earl of Argyle. As it contained a clause, importing that they should root out heresy, the king declared, that he did not mean by these words that he should be under an obligation to act as a persecutor: the commissioners replying that such was not the meaning or import of the oath, he desired them and others present to bear witness to the exception he had made.

22. In the mean time, lord Dundee exerted himself with uncommon activity in behalf of his master: he had been summoned by a trumpet to return to the convention; refused to obey the citation, on pretence that the whigs had made an attempt on his life; and that the deliberations of the estates were influenced by the neighborhood of English troops, under the command of Mackay: he was forthwith declared a fugitive, outlaw, and rebel. He was rancorously hated by the presbyterians, on whom he had exercised some cruelties, as an officer under the former government; and for this reason the states resolved to inflict on him exemplary punishment: parties were detached in pursuit of him and Balcarras: this last fell into their hands; and was committed to a common