...Fourth Amendment proscribes all unreasonable searches and seizures, and it is a cardinal principle that 'searches conducted outside the judicial process,...specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.' Katz v. United States, 389 US 347, 357 (footnotes omitted)." The exception recognized in Carroll is...

...does not provide adequate protection for the important personal privacy interests codified in the 11 "[S]earches conducted outside the judicial process,...specifically established and well-delineated exceptions." Katz v. United States, 389 US 347, 357 (1967). 411 MARSHALL, J., dissenting Fourth Amendment. Given...

...against any stealthy encroachments thereon." 4 Thus the most basic constitutional rule in this area is that "searches conducted outside the judicial process,...prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se «8ee also Gouled v. United States, 255 US 298, 303-304 (1921): "It would not be possible to add to...

...[Fourth] Amendment requires adherence to judicial processes, United States v. Jeffers, 342 US 48. 51, and that searches conducted outside the judicial process,...subject only to a few specifically established and well. delineated exceptions." 3. Exceptions to the warrant requirements A. few narrow exceptions have...

...[Fourth] Amendment requires adherence to judicial processes, United States \. Jeffers, 342 US 48, 51, and that searches conducted outside the judicial process,...approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable tinder the Fourth Amendment — subject only to a few specifically established and welldelineated exceptions.™...

...rule, to be decided by a judicial officer, not by a policeman or government enforcement agent . "Î/ This view has not always been accepted by a majority...magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth */ Johnson v. United States. 333 US 10, 13-14 (1948). «5-728 O - 76 - 29 - 46 Amendment — subject...

...frustrate the governmental purpose behind the search" (387 US at 533), Though the general rule may be that "searches conducted outside the judicial process,...are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment" (Katsv. United States, supra, 389 US at 357), exceptions do exist. See supra, p. 12. As we now show,...

...as a rule, to be decided by a judicial officer, not by a policeman or government enforcement agent. This view has not always been accepted by a majority...grounded in necessity — where exigencies of time and circumstance make resort to a magistrate practically impossible. These include, of course, the Terry...

...and leave the people's homes secure only in the discretion of police officers. The general rule is that " 'searches conducted outside the judicial process,...are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment.' " Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 US 443, 454-55 (1971 ); Katz v. United States, 389 US 347, 357 (1967)....

...disclosure or the use of its product. Minimization procedures can be very important. The Court said in Kaiz that "searches conducted outside the judicial process,...without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per xc unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment—subject only to a few sijecifioally established and welldelineated...