under contribution, and threw forward his outposts so far as the river Argens. During these arduous operations, he was siezed by a fever, which confined him to his camp-bed, but he soon relinquished it for his saddle. The batteries opened against Antibes on the 20th of September. It was cannonaded for thirty-six days, and all its houses were demolished; but, on collecting a numerous army, the Marshals De Belleisle and De Boufflers advanced to its relief, while other forces, amounting to sixty battalions, were hastening forward from Flanders. Meanwhile, the Genoese, driven to despair by the extortions and severity of the Marquis de Botta, resolved to break their Austrian fetters, or die in the attempt. The circumstance of a German officer striking an Italian, who refused to drag a mortar to which he was harnessed, kindled a flame; and all the Genoese rushed to arms, and forced the arsenals. The city barriers were stormed, the Austrians driven out, and two regiments, who defended the gate of Santo Thomaso, were cut to pieces. All these circumstances combined, obliged Count Brown to raise the siege of Antibes, abandon the projected expedition against Toulon, and repass the Var. This was executed on the 23rd January, 1747, but not without considerable loss, for his rearguard was furiously attacked. Ordering a column of horse and foot into Lombardy to join Count Schulemberg, he lined the southern bank of the Var with his main body, and kept the French under the great Belleisle completely in check, till the King of Sardinia secured all the mountain-defiles, to prevent them from penetrating into Piedmont. Brown still continued that masterly retreat which excited the admiration of all military men, and even of his enemy, the brave Belleisle, who followed him across the Var on the 25th May, and retook Mont Albano, Villafranca, and Ventimiglia, from his garrisons, driving back forty-six Piedmontese battalions with terrible slaughter at the pass of Exilles, where the Chevalier de Belleisle (brother of the Marshal), Knight of St. John of Jerusalem, fell, pierced with three wounds. Meanwhile Brown, with a force diminished to 28,000, continued his retreat towards Finale and Savona. The despatch, which was sent to him by Major-General Colloredo, detailing the affair at Exilles, was published in the London Gazette. In Lombardy he 'ordered two intrenched camps to be formed: one to hold 14,000 men, to guard the banks of the Tanaro; the other to hold 11,000, and guard the Po, near Pavia; but fatigue and want of food soon compelled all to seek quarters for the winter. The King of Sardinia marched to Turin; Brown established his head-quarters at Milan -after winning the praise of all Europe by his skilful operations in Provence. While here, by the severity of his remonstrance, he forced Marshal Schu. lemberg to abandon his important enterprise against Bisignano, and draw off his division to assist the King of Sardinia in covering Piedmont and Lombardy. The remainder of that year he occupied by innumerable skirmishes and movements in defending the Italian states of Maria Theresa; among these (after the great review at Coni) was the march upon the Dermont, the assault by the French upon Maison Meau, the attack upon forty-three French battalions who were intrenched near Villa Franca, and other affairs, until the peace so happily signed in 1748, when he was sent by his mistress to Nice, where, in conjunction with the Duke de Belleisle and the Marquis de la Minas, he skilfully adjusted certain difficulties which had arisen in fulfilling the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. In reward for his many great and gallant services, the Empress Queen now made him Governor of Transylvania, where he won the love and admiration of the people, by his justice, affability, and honourable bearing. In 1752 he was made Governor of the city of Prague, and Commanderin-Chief of all the troops in the kingdom of Bohemia, and in the following year the King of Poland, as Elector of Saxony, honoured him with the order of the White Eagle, the collar of which is a gold chain (to which a silver eagle is attached), and first worn by Udislaus V. on his marriage with a daughter of the Duke of Lithuania. In 1754 he was raised to the rank of Marshal of the Empire. After five years of peace the clouds of war again began to gather on the Prussian frontier, and Marshal Brown was summoned for the last time to the field. A quarrel having ensued between the courts of Berlin and Vienna, the warlike King of Prussia became alarmed by the hostile preparations that were made along the Livonian frontier, and, resolving to anticipate the designs of his enemies, in 1756 invaded Saxony, and made himself master of Dresden. On the first tidings of this invasion, Marshal Brown put himself at the head of the army of Prague, and marched to relieve the Saxons; but this movement was anticipated by Frederick, who left 40,000 men to continue the blockade of Pirna on the left bank of the Elbe (where Augustus III. of Poland was shut up), and penetrated into Bohemia at the head of 24,000 soldiers. Brown encamped at Kolin, while his compatriot, Prince Piccolomini, was posted at Konigingratz. From Kolin he marched, on the 23rd of September, to the fine old city of Budin, which was surrounded by walls, and contains the ancient fortress of Hassenberg. Here he endeavoured to concert measures with the Saxons for securing their freedom; but Frederick, on being joined by another column of his army, under the great Scottish Marshal Keith, marched to encounter him. Passing the Egra, Count Brown encamped at Lowoswitz, on the Elbe, and near the Saxon frontier, and there the King of Prussia came in sight of his army, in position, at daybreak, on the 1st of October, with 65 squadrons, 26 battalions, 102 pieces of cannon, which formed in order of battle as they advanced, in that steady manner for which the Prussians had now become so famous. The infantry were formed in two lines, and the cavalry in three in their rear. Frederick's right wing occupied a village at the foot of the Radostitz, a wooded mountain; and on the Homolkaberg, in front of it, he had placed a battery of heavy guns; his left wing rested on the Loboschberg, and his centre occupied the fertile valley between. The high and steep face of the Lobeschberg was covered by vines, and intersected by many stone walls. Among these Marshal Brown advanced a large body of Croats, with several battalions of Hungarians to sustain them; a deep ravine and rugged rivulet lay between the army of Frederick and the Austrians, which consisted of 72 squadrons, 52 battalions, and 98 pieces of ordnance, being 70,000 men. Brown formed them in two lines, with his horsemen on the wings. He plantted cannon in the village of Lowoswitz, and in redoubts on the level ground before it. At seven in the morning, and during a dense fog, the battle began between the Prussian left and the Croats on the Loboschberg, who continued firing till noon, when Frederick, seeing that Brown's right was his weakest point, marched from the summit of the Loboschberg and drove down the Croats and Hungarians from the vineyards into the plain and ravine below. The Mar. shal, believing that the fortune of the day depended on the retention of Lowoswitz, threw his retiring right wing into the village, where it soon gave way. He then led forward his left, but the infantry fell into confusion at the village of Sulowitz, being exposed to a dreadful fire of shot and shell from redoubts and field-pieces, grape,' cannister, hand-grenades, and musketry, which mowed them down like grass, and drove them back in disorder; the Marshal then ordered a retreat, which he conducted in so masterly a manner, that no effort was made to harass him. He fell back at three in the afternoon, to a new position so well chosen that Frederick dared not follow, but contented himself with keeping his line behind the ravine of Lowositz, though by sending forward a body of cavalry, under the Prince of Bavern, he turned the Marshal's left flank, a manœuvre which compelled him to re-pass the Egra, and occupy his old camp at Budyn again. Such was the battle of Lowoswitz, where the Marshal left 4,000 of his men dead on the field, and in his retreat had to blow up his magazine, while the Prussians had only 653 killed and 800 wounded. Having failed to relieve the Saxons, he marched to Lichtendorf, near Schandau, to join the King of Poland, and made an attempt to force back the Prussians, at the head of 8,000 chosen soldiers; but the effort proved ineffectual, and Augustus III. was compelled to capitulate, and deliver 17,000 men and eighty pieces of cannon into the hands of Fre derick a mortification as bitter to the Marshal as it was to the Polish monarch. On the 14th, he retired towards Bohemia. The Prussian hussars followed his rearguard, and put 300 Croats to the sword. For his services, he now received the Collar of the Golden Fleece- one of the first of European knightly orders. In 1757, a confederacy was completed to punish Frederick of Prussia for his invasion of Saxony. France sent 80,000 men to the Rhine, under the Marshal d'Estrees; 60,000 Russians threatened Livonia; the Swedes gathered on the Pomeranian frontier, and Maria Theresa mustered 150,000 soldiers, the most of whom were stationed in Prague, under Prince Charles of Lorraine and the Marshals Brown and Daun. The Austrians were then formed into four divisions—one under Marshal Brown, at Budyn; a second under the Duke d'Aremberg, at Egra; a third under Count Konigsegg, at Richtenberg; a fourth under Marshal Daun, in Moravia. Undeterred by this vast array against him, Frederick in April marched straight upon Prague, and driving before him a column under Marshal Schwerin, attacked Brown at Budyn, before Daun's division could join him from Moravia. On finding his flank turned, Brown fell back upon the Bohemian capital, and Frederick, leaving one division of his army under Marshal Keith, followed him fast with the rest, and gave battle to the Austrians on the 6th of May, at dawn in the morning. The Imperialists under Marshal Brown were 80,000 strong; his left wing rested on the Ziskberg towards Prague; his right on the hill of Sterboli. In the front were steep and craggy mountains, which no cavalry could climb or artillery traverse; but the deep vale at their foot was lined by hussars and hardy Hungarian infantry. The battle was commenced by Lieutenant-General the Prince of Schonaich assailing the Austrian right with 65 squadrons of cavalry, a movement which Brown skilfully repulsed by drawing off his cavalry from the left, and overwhelming the Prince by the united rush of 104 squadrons. Thus outflanked, they were repulsed after two charges, until General Zeithen hurled the Austrians back upon their infantry, by a magnificent charge of 20 squadrons of hussars. The battalions of Prussian grenadiers were routed by a discharge of twelvepounders loaded with musket-shot, and the noble Marshal Schwerin, who, seizing the colours, placed himself on foot at their head, was shot through the heart; but his officers rallied the troops, and assailed the Austrian right, at the same moment that Frederick broke through their centre, and drove it towards Prague. A desperate struggle with the bayonet now ensued between the Austrian left and the Prussian right under Prince Henry; and Marshal Brown, while in act of issuing orders to an aid-de-camp, received a deadly wound in the body; and as he could ill brook the double mortification of a defeat and of resigning the command to Prince Charles of Lorraine, it became mortal. He was compelled to leave the field, from which his right wing fled to Maleschitz, while the left followed the centre in hopeless disorder to Prague, leaving the victory to the Prussians, who by their own account had 3,000 killed, and 6,000 wounded (by another account, 18,000 killed!) 397 officers fell, many of them high in rank; 8,000 Austrians were slain, 9,000 taken prisoners, and 50,000 were shut up in Prague, while all the cavalry fled to Beneschau, and joined Marshal Daun. Such was the terrible and disastrous battle of Prague, and seldom has the sun set upon such a scene of suffering or slaughter as the field presented, for there were more than twenty thousand killed and wounded men lying upon it at six in the evening! Marshal Brown was conveyed by his soldiers into Prague, where he endured the greatest torture from his wound, which was aggravated by the bitterness of being disabled at such a critical time. Thus by the agitation and bitterness of his mind, it became fatal, and fifty-one days after the battle he expired of mingled agony and chagrin, on the 26th of June, 1757, at the age of fifty-two. Thus died Austria's most able general and diplomatist- and one of Ireland's greatest sons-one of whom she has every reason to be proud, for he was the military rival of Frederick of Prussia, and of France's most skilful marshals, and he filled all Europe with the fame of his exploits in the field and his talent in the cabinet. A magnificent monument was erected to his memory, and his titles and estates were inherited by his sons, of whom he left two by his countess, Maria Philippina of Martinitz. PROFESSOR EDWARD FORBES. DEATH is busy, reaping a rich harvest of the noblest sons of Britain. Happy he who dies at once, with his sword in his hand, unconscious of his fate, his blood glowing with the excitement of the charge, his ears ringing with the conquering war-cries of his comrades. A calmer, but a sadder and more melancholy end has been his, whose name we have given above. In the prime of manhood-with the long ambition of his life just attained-Death has snatched him from the arms of his friends, and from the eyes of the world. As a scientific man his loss is irreparable. He had done more than any man living in certain departments of natural history, and in the connexion between the natural history of the present and that of the past ages of the globe. As Palæontologist to the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, his services had been most valuable in many practical parts of science, while in many theoretical and philosophical questions, his profound and original views had given him a permanent authority in the scientific world. Neither was his a merely dry and scientific mind; it was enlivened by an exquisite taste for the arts of painting and poetry, in both of which he was no mean proficient. As some slight evidence of his taste, we can point to an article written by him for this Magazine, entitled, "Geology, Popular and Artistic." If, however, his loss to the scientific world is great, what shall we say of that social loss which the wide circle of his friends will have to deplore in him. He Of a manly, gentle, and kind disposition-of a noble modesty that thought of others rather than himself-and of a frank and open geniality, overflowing with wit and humour himself, and always anxious to draw out and encourage the efforts of others, he was the centre of a larger social circle of men, remarkable for their talents in various ways, and for the cordiality of their union, than any other man in the United Kingdom. There are soldiers and sailors in the East; there are men toiling under the burning sun of India, and on the arid plains of Australia — in every climate, wherever there is a man who is a student, or a lover of the natural sciences, there will be a friend of Professor Forbes. was the firmest and truest friend that ever man had. We have, on more than one occasion, witnessed his first meeting with some old school-fellow, or college companion-a man, perhaps, on whom the world had not looked kindly, nay, it might happen, one who had not altogether deserved the kind looks of the world. No matter to have been once a friend or companion, was to entitle him to the right hand of Edward Forbes, and to all other service he could render him. Few rarer, few more valuable qualities are found in the world; and now, while the loss is too recent to permit us to estimate it correctly, this recollection appeals to the heart more strongly than that of all the pleasantness of Forbes's wit, or than all the glory of his fame. He died on Saturday, November the 18th, of internal inflammation, after a severe illness of ten days, retaining his senses, his calmness, and much even of his vigour of mind, up to the last. We believe that he never thoroughly recovered from the effects of the Xanthus fever he caught in Lycia, while naturalist to H. M. S. Beacon. The seeds of disease were left in his frame; and these, it is feared, were lately ripened by his intense application, and the little rest he gave himself, in his anxiety to do justice to the duties of his post as Professor of Natural History in Edinburgh. One consolation only is left us: he has done enough to give him an enduring place in the history of science; his name and his works cannot die "death hath no more dominion over him." His memory will live in the recollections of the world, for many a long generation after all those hearts are cold, in which it will be locked as a sacred heritage-the memory of a dear friend. INDEX TO VOL. XLIV. Adolphus of Nassau, a Memoir, 618. Aird, Marion Paul, Heart Histories, re- Alpine Lyrics, reviewed, 483. 111. Anne of Austria, Queen of Louis XIII., Bio- Antipathies, 470. Bachelor, History of a, 47. Banks, G. L., What I live for, 46. Beechwood, Warwick, The Friends, and Bigg, J. Stanyan, Night and the Soul, a Black Sea Fleets, the, 203. Bog of Allen, an Incident in the, 424. the Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope Caminha, Pedro Andrade de, Notices and Carey, H. C., The Slave Trade Domestic Celt, the, and his Castles, 523. Chambers, William, Things as they are in Chubble, Professor, his Tale, 570. Cochrane, James, Sonnets and Miscellaneous Poems, reviewed, 56. Collins, Mortimer, The Hyacinth, 54; Hex- Cotton, Charles, a Ramble in the Country Crimea, the Expedition to the, Part I., 509; Curzon, Hon. Robert, Armenia, reviewed, Danube, The Re-opening of the, 625. De Quincey, Thomas, Life and Works, re- Eden, a Legend of, by M. J. T., 11. Euripides-Greek Dramatist, 606. Ferreira, Antonio, Portuguese Poet, Notices German Epics and English Hexameters, 55. Government, Who is to carry on the Queen's, Greig, Sir Samuel, Memoir of, 156. Hadfield, William, Brazil, the River Plate, History of a Bachelor, 47. Inez de Castro, 403. Islesmen, the, of the West, Stanzas by Jones, T. Percy, Firmilian, or the Student of Kaye, J. W., History of the War in Affghan- Leix and Ossory, a Pilgrimage to the Land Levinge, H. N., The Crescent and the Cos- |