St. Baude, in lieu of twenty-two acres, bequeathed a fat doe in winter, and a buck in summer, which was received at the altar crowned with roses by the chapter annually, till the reign of Elizabeth.

On the north side near the east end stood Paul's or Fowly's Cross, with a pulpit whence sermons were preached, the anathema of the Pope thundered forth, heresies recanted, and sins atoned for.

The Cross was hexagonal in form; of wood, raised on stone steps, with a canopy covered with lead, on which was elevated a cross. Stow could not ascertain its date: we first read of it in 1259, when, by command of Henry III., striplings were here sworn to be loyal and in the same year the folkmote Common Hall assembled here by the tolling of St. Paul's great beli. At preaching the commonalty sat in the open air; the king, his train, and noblemen in covered galleries. All preachers coming from a distance had an allowance from the Corporation, and were lodged during five days "in sweete and conBishop Northburgh lent small sums to venient lodgings, with fire, candle, and all necessary food." citizens on pledge, directing that if at the year's end they were not restored, then that "the preacher at Paul's Cross should declare that the pledge, within fourteen days would be sold, if unredeemed." An earthquake overthrew the Cross in 1382; it was set up again by Bishop Kemp in 1419.

Ralph Baldoc, Dean of Paul's, cursed from the Cross all persons who had searched in the church In 1483, Jane Shore, with a taper in one hand, and of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields for a hoard of gold. arrayed in her "kertell onelye," did open penance at the Cross. In the same year, Dr. Shaw and Friar Pinke aided the traitorous schemes of Duke Richard; the preacher took for his text these words, Stow informs us that the Doctor so repented his "shamefuf "Bastard slips shall never take deep root." sermon" that it struck him to the heart, and "within a few days he withered and consumed away." Friar Pinke lost his voice while preaching, and was forced to leave the pulpit. Royal contracts of marriage were notified from the Cross. Henry VIII. sent preachers to the Cross every Sunday to preach In 1538, Bishop Fisher exposed at the Cross the famous rood of grace down the Pope's authority. from Boxley Abbey. From his attendance there, as a preacher, Richard Hooker dated the miseries of his married life. Queen Mary caused sermons to be preached at the Cross in praise of the old religion, but they occasioned serious riots.

The Cross was pulled down in 1613, by order of Parliament; its site was long denoted by a tall elm tree.

The interior of the church was divided throughout by two ranges of clustered columns; it had a rich screen, and canopied doorways; and a large painted roseThe walls were sumptuously adorned with pictures, window at the east end. shrines, and curiously wrought tabernacles; gold and silver, rubies, emeralds, and pearls glittered in splendid profusion; and upon the high altar were heaped countless stores of gold and silver plate, and illuminated missals. The shrine of St. Erkenwald (the fourth bishop), at the back of the high altar, had among its jewels a sapphire, The mere enumeration of these treasures fills believed to cure diseases of the eye. twenty-eight pages of Dugdale's folio history of the Cathedral. King John of France offered at St. Erkenwald's shrine; King Henry III. on the feast of St. Paul's Conversion, gave 1500 tapers to the church, and fed 15,000 poor in the garth, or close.

There are several notices of miracles said to have been wrought in St. Paul's at “a tablet," or picture, set up by Thomas Earl of Lancaster, who, after his execution at Pontefract, was reckoned a martyr by the populace. The tablet was removed by royal At the base of one of the pillars was sculporder, but replaced a few years later. tured the foot of Algar, the first prebendary of Islington, as the standard measure for legal contracts in land, just as Henry I., Richard I., and John, furnished the iron ell by their arms. On the north side of the choir, "on whose monument hung his proper helmet and spear, as also his target covered with horn" (Dugdale), stood the stately tomb of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Blanche, his first wife. In St. Dunstan's chapel was the fine old tomb of Henry Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, from whom In the middle aisle of the nave stood the tomb of Lincoln's Inn derives its name. Sir John Beauchamp, constable of Dover Castle, and son to Guy Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. Between the choir and south aisle was a noble monument to Sir Nicholas Bacon, father of Lord Chancellor Bacon; and "higher than the post and altar," (Bishop Corbet), between two columns of the choir, was the sumptuous monument of Sir Christopher Hatton; and near it was a tablet to Sir Philip Sidney, and another to The stately appearance of Hatton's monuhis father-in-law, Sir Francis Walsingham, ment and the plainness of Walsingham's and Sidney's tablets, gave rise to this epigram by old Stow :

"Philip and Francis have no tomb,

For great Sir Christopher takes all the room."

In the south aisle of the choir were the tombs of two of the Deans; Colet the founder of Paul's school, a recumbent skeleton; and Dr. Donne, the poet, standing in his stony shroud: the latter is preserved in the crypt of the present Cathedral. In a vault, near John of Gaunt's tomb, was buried Van Dyck; but the outbreak of the wars under Charles I., prevented the erection of any monument to his memory. The state obsequies were a profitable privilege of the Cathedral: the choir was hung with black and escutcheons; and the herses were magnificently adorned with banner-rolls and other insignia of vainglory.

The floor of the church was laid out in walks: "the south alley for usurye and poperye; the north for simony and the horse-fair; in the midst for all kinds of bargains, meetings, brawlings, murthers, conspiracies, &c." The middle aisle, "Pervyse of Paul's," or "Paul's Walk," was commonly called "Duke Humphrey's Walk," from Sir John Beauchamp's monument, unaccountably called "Duke Humphrey's Tomb," being the only piece of sculpture here; and as this walk was a lounge for idlers and hunters after news, wits and gallants, cheats, usurers, and knights of the post, dinnerless persons who lounged there were said to dine with Duke Humphrey. Here "each lawyer and serjeant at his pillar heard his client's cause, and took notes thereof upon his knee." (Dugdale's Orig. Jurid.) Here masterless men, at the Si quis door, set up their bills for service. Here the font was used as a counter for payments. Here spur money was demanded by two choristers from any person entering the Cathedral during divine service with spurs on. Hither Fleetwood, Recorder of London, came "to learn some news" to convey by news-letter to Lord Burghley. Ben Jonson has laid a scene of his Every Man out of his Humour in "the middle aisle in Paule's ;" Captain Bobadil is a Paul's man ;" and Falstaff bought Bardolph in Paul's. Greene, in his Theeves Falling Out, &c., says: "Walke in the middle of Paul's, and gentlemen's teeth walk not faster at ordinaries, than there a whole day together about enquiry after news." Bishop Earle, in his Microcosmographia, 1629, says: "Paul's Walk is the Land's Epitome, or you may call it the lesser Ile of Great Brittaine. **** The noyse in it is like that of Bees, in strange hummings or buzze, mixt of walking, tongues, and feet; it is a kind of still roare, or loud whisper." It was a common thoroughfare for porters and carriers, for ale, beer, bread, fish, flesh, fardels of stuff, and "mules, horses, and other beasts;" drunkards lay sleeping on the benches at the choir-door; within, dunghills were suffered to accumulate; and in the choir people walked "with their hatts on their heddes." Dekker, in his Gull's Hornbook, tells us that the church was profaned by shops, not only of booksellers, but of other trades, such as "the semster's shops," and "the new tobacco office." So great had the nuisances become, that the Mayor and Common Council in 1554, prohibited, by fine, the use of the church for such irreverent purposes.

The desecration of the exterior of the church was more abominable. The chantry and other chapels were used for stores and lumber, as a school and a glazier's workshop; parts of the vaults were occupied by a carpenter, and as a wine-cellar; and the cloisters were let out to trunkmakers, whose "knocking and noyse" greatly disturbed the church-service. Houses were built against the outer walls, in which closets and window-ways were made: one was used "as a play-house," and in another the owner "baked his bread and pies in an oven excavated within a buttress;" for a trifling fee, the bell-ringers allowed wights to ascend the tower, halloo, and throw stones at the passengers beneath. The first recorded Lottery in England was drawn at the west door in 1569. Dekker describes "Paui's Jacks," automaton figures, which struck the quarters, on the clock. We read, too, of rope-dancing feats from the battlements of St. Paul's exhibited before Edward VI., and in the reign of Queen Mary, who, the day before her coronation, also witnessed a Dutchman standing upon the weathercock of the steeple, waving a five-yard streamer! Another marvel of this class was the ascent of Bankes, on his famous horse Marocco, to the top of St. Paul's, in the year 1600, to the delight of "a number of asses" who brayed below. The steed was "a middlesized bay English gelding,” and Bankes was a vintner in Cheapside, and had taught his horse to count and perform a variety of fents. When the novelty had somewhat lessened in London, Bankes took his wonderful horse to Paris, and afterwards to

Rome.

"He had better have stayed at home, for both he and his horse (which was shod with silver) were burnt for witchcraft." (Ben Jonson's Epigrams.) Shakspeare alludes to "the dancing horse” (Love's Labour Lost); and in a tract called Maroccus Extaticus, qto., 1595, there is a rude woodcut of the unfortunate juggler and his famous gelding.-Cunningham's Handbook.

Several attempts were made to restore the Cathedral; and money, Stow says, was collected for rebuilding the steeple; but no effectual step for the repairs was taken until 1633, when Inigo Jones, to remove the desecration from the nave to the exterior, built, it is stated at the expense of Charles I., at the west end, a Corinthian portico of eight columns, with a balustrade in panels, upon which he intended to have placed ten statues: this portico was 200 feet long, 40 feet high, and 50 feet deep; but its classic design, affixed to a Gothic church, must be condemned, unless it be considered as an instalment of a new cathedral. Laud was then Bishop of London. The sum collected was 101,3307.; and the repairs progressed until about one-third of the money was expended, in 1642, when they were stopped by the contests between Charles and his people: the funds in hand were seized to pay the soldiers of the Commonwealth, and Old St. Paul's was made a horse-quarter for troops.

Shortly after the Restoration, the repairs were resumed under Sir John Denham; and "that miracle of a youth," Wren, drew plans for the entire renovation. A commission was appointed, but before the funds were raised, the whole edifice was destroyed in the Great Fire:

"The daring flames peep'd in, and saw from far
The awful beauties of the sacred quire;
But since it was profan'd by civil war,
Heav'n thought it fit to have it purg'd by fire."

Evelyn thus records the catastrophe:

Dryden's Annus Mirabilis.

"I was infinitely concerned to find that goodly church, St. Paul's, now a sad ruin, and that beautiful portico (for structure, comparable to any in Europe) now rent in pieces, flakes of vast stone spiit asunder, but nothing remaining entire but the inscriptions, showing by whom it was built, which had not one letter defaced. It was astonishing to see what immense stones the heat had in a manner calcined, so that all the ornaments flew off, even to the very roof, where a sheet of lead covering a great space was totally melted. The lead over the altar at the east end was untouched, and among the monuments the body of one bishop remained entire."

According to Dugdale, this was the corpse of Bishop Braybrooke, which had been inhumed 260 years, being "so dried up, the flesh, sinews, and skin cleaving fast to the bones, that being set upon the feet it stood as still as a plank, the skin being tough like leather, and not at all inclined to putrefaction, which some attributed to the sanctity of the person offering much money."

In the Great Fire the church was reduced to a heap of ruins; and books valued at 150,0007., which had been placed in St. Faith's (the crypt) for safety by the stationers of Paternoster-row, were entirely destroyed. After the Fire, Wren removed part of the thick walls by gunpowder, but most he levelled with a battering-ram; some of the stone was used to build parish churches, and some to pave the neighbouring streets. Tradition tells that Serjeants' Inn, Fleet-street, being then ecclesiastical property, was not forgotten in the distribution of the remains of Old St. Paul's; and there remained to our day a large number of blocks of Purbeck stone, believed to have formed part of the old Cathedral.

The west end of the old church was not taken down till 1686. In the same year a great quantity of old alabaster was beaten into powder for making cement. Those fragments were, doubtless, monumental effigies or other ornaments of the old church. In 1688 the tower was pulled down, and 162 corpses taken from its cemetery and reburied at the west end of the old foundation, at 6d. each.

NEAR

ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL.

TEARLY eight years elapsed after the Great Fire ere the ruins of the old Cathedral were cleared from the site. Meanwhile, Wren was instructed "to contrive a fabric of moderate bulk, but of good proportion; a convenient quire, with a vestibule and porticoes, and a dome conspicuous above the houses." A design was accordingly prepared, octagonal in plan, with a central dome and cupolettas, and affording a vast

number of picturesque combinations, as shown in the model, preserved to this day. It is of wood, and some 10 feet in height to the summit of the dome; it is thus large enough to walk bodily into it. Wren aimed at a design antique and well studied, conformable to the best style of the Greek and Roman architecture. The model is accurately wrought, and carved with all its proper ornaments, consisting of one order, the Corinthian only. The model, after the finishing of the new fabric, was deposited over the Morning Prayer Chapel, on the north side. Wren's model had neither side aisles nor oratories, though they were afterwards added, because as Spence, in his Anecdotes, imagines, the Duke of York (James II.) considered side aisles would be an absolute necessity in a cathedral where he hoped the Romish ritual would soon be practised. These innovations sadly marred the uniformity of the original design, and when decided upon, drew tears of vexation from the architect. He was paid 160 guineas only for the model. The Surveyor next devised "a cathedral form, so altered as to reconcile, as near as possible, the Gothic to a better manner of architecture;" which being

temple to Diana having once occupied this spot. The accompanying ground-plan shows the relative positions of the Old and New Cathedrals.

The first stone of the new church was laid June 21, 1675, by the architect and his lodge of Freemasons; and the trowel and mallet then used are preserved in the Lodge of Antiquity, of which Wren was master. The mallet has a silver plate let into the head; and it bears this inscription:

"By Order of the M. W. the Grand Master,
His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, &c., &c.,
and W. Master of the Lodge of Antiquity,

and with the Concurrence of the Brethren of the
Lodge, this plate has been engraved and aflixed
to this MALLET. A.L. 5831, A.D. 1827.
To commemorate that this, being the same Mallet with which
HIS MAJESTY KING CHARLES THE SECOND
levelled the foundation Stone of

ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, A.L. 5677, A.D. 1673,
was presented to the Old Lodge of St. Paul's,
now the Lodge of Antiquity,

acting by immemorial Constitution.

BY BROTHER SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN, R.W.D.G.M.,
Worshipful Master of the Lodge,

and Architect of that Edifice."

Portland stone had been selected, principally on account of the large scantlings procurable from those quarries, and yet no blocks of more than four feet in diameter could be procured. This led to the choice of two orders of architecture, with an attic story like that of St. Peter's at Rome, that the just proportions of the cornice might be preserved.

In commencing the works, Wren accidentally set out the dimensions of the dome upon a piece of a gravestone inscribed Resurgam (I shall rise again); which propitious circumstance is commemorated in a Phoenix rising from the flames, with the motto Resurgam, sculptured by Cibber in the pediment over the southern portico. In 1678 Wren set out the piers and pendentives of the dome.

During the building, the Commissioners, with Sir Christopher Wren, issued the following very proper order :

Whereas, among labourers, &c., that ungodly custom of swearing is too frequently heard, to the dishonour of God and contempt of authority; and to the end, therefore, that such impiety may be utterly banished from these works intended for the service of God and the honour of religion, it is ordered that customary swearing shall be sufficient crime to dismiss any labourer that comes to the call; and the clerk of the works, upon sufficient proof, shall dismiss them accordingly. And if any master, working by task, shall not upon admonition, refrain this profanation among his apprentices, servants, and labourers, it shall be construed his fault, and he shall be liable to be censured by the Commissioners. Dated 26th September, 1695."

By 1685, the walls of the choir and its side aisles, and the north and south semicircular porticoes, were finished; the piers of the dome were also brought up to the same height. On Dec. 2, 1697, the choir was opened on the day of Thanksgiving for the peace of Ryswick, when Bishop Burnet preached before King William. On Feb. 1, 1699, the Morning Prayer Chapel, at the north-west angle, was opened; and in 1710 the son of the architect laid the last stone-the highest slab on the top of the lantern.

There is a strange story of a conspiracy against Queen Anne, who was to have been crushed to death in St. Paul's; the screws of some part of the building being loosened beforehand for the purpose, and intended to be removed when she should come to the Cathedral, and thus overwhelm her in the fall.

Notices of this imaginary plot will be found in Boyer's Annals of Queen Anne, Nov. 9, 1710, and in Oldmixon's Hist. of England, p. 452. The latter states, that "Mr. Secretary St. John had not been long in office before he gave proofs of his fitness for it, by inserting an advertisement in the Gazette of some evil-designing persons having unscrewed the timbers of the west roof of the cathedral. Upon this foundation, Mrs. Abigail Masham affirmed that the screws were taken away that the cathedral might tumble upon the heads of the Court on the Thanksgiving-day, when it was supposed her Majesty would have gone thither. But upon inquiry, it appeared that the missing of the iron pins was owing to the neglect of some workmen, who thought the timber sufficiently fastened without them; and the foolishness, as well as malice, of this advertisement made people more merry than angry." Thus, the whole edifice was finished in thirty-five years; under one architect, Sir Christopher Wren; one master-mason, Mr. Thomas Strong; and while one Bishop, Dr. Henry Compton, occupied the see. For his services, Wren obtained, with difficulty, 2001. per annum! "and for this," said the Duchess of Marlborough, "he was content to be dragged up in a basket three or four times a week." The fund raised for the rebuilding amounted, in ten years, to 216,000l.; a new duty laid on coals for this purpose produced 5000l. a year; and the King contributed 10,000l. annually.

Exterior.-St. Paul's occupies very nearly the site of the old Cathedral, in the centre and most elevated part of the City; though its highest point, the cross, is 36 feet lower than the Castle Tavern, on Hampstead Heath. The plan of the Cathedral is a Latin cross, and bears a general resemblance to that of St. Peter's. Its length, from the east to the west wall, is 500 feet; north to south, 250 feet; width, 125 feet, except at the western end, where two towers, and chapels beyond, make this, the principal front, facing Ludgate-hill, about 180 feet in width. The chapels are, the Morning Prayer, north; and the Consistory Court, south.

The exterior generally is of two orders, 100 feet in height-the upper Composite,