P. 66, 11. 3, 4. cost him about fifteen hours' riding. Cf. Wordsworth's Hart-leap Well.

P. 67, 1. 6. σkιoμaxía. What is the modern name for this exercise?

P. 68, 1. 7. Bastile. The most famous old prison of Paris; destroyed at the outbreak of the French Revolution, 1789. P. 69, 1. 23. stop-hounds. "We infer from Blaine's Rural Sports that when one of these hounds found the scent he gave notice of his good fortune by deliberately squatting, to impart more effect to his deep tones, and to get wind for a fresh start."— Wills.

P. 72, 1. 15-17. "Many of our country gentlemen in their busy hours apply themselves wholly to the chase. Though exercise of this kind, when indulged with moderation, may have a good influence both on the mind and body, the country affords many other amusements of a more noble kind."— Spectator, No. 583.

P. 73, 1. 7. Paschal. Blaise Paschal, 1623-1662, a French philosopher and mathematician, author of Thoughts on Philosophy and Religion and Provincial Letters.

P. 75, 1. 10. witchcraft. "The belief in witchcraft still holds its ground among the English rustics, but the legalized persecution of witches was dying out about the time that Addison wrote. Yet even in 1716, five years after this paper was written, a Mrs. Hicks and her daughter, a child of nine, were hanged at Huntingdon for selling their souls to the devil, and raising a storm by pulling off their stockings and making a lather of soap! . . . One of the worst stains on the memory of the Long Parliament, and on the fair fame of Puritanism generally, is the cruelty with which supposed witches were hunted out and put to death in the day of their power." - THOMAS ARNOLD. Moll White had her counterpart in nearly every English village at the time. "The true source from whence witchcraft springs is Poverty, Age, and Ignorance: it is impossible for a woman to pass for a witch, unless she is very poor, very old, and lives in a Neighbourhood where the People are void of common Sense." - Goody Two Shoes, Chapter vi.

P. 80, 1. 9. Note here and elsewhere, especially in Nos. 120 and 121, a strong appreciation of nature. See whether it springs

from physical and æsthetical stimulus, or from a feeling of spiritual companionship with all created things, by reading Burns, Keats, and Wordsworth.

P. 81, l. 15. salute. Kiss. Cf. Vicar of Wakefield, Chap. v. P. 87, 1. 24. rural politeness. Cf. Vicar of Wakefield, Chap. xxxii; Tatler, No. 86, and many other amusing papers on country behaviour.

western circuit.

P. 89, 11. 19, 20. divisions of England and Wales.

P. 89, 11. 23, 24.

Spectator, No. 129.

One of the eight judicial

a letter from him. This was given in the

P. 95, 1. 16. Bayle. Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) was one of the most independent and influential leaders of the sceptical philosophy in the eighteenth century.

P. 96, 1. 2. Dampier. William Dampier (1652–1715), an English navigator and buccaneer. His interesting Voyage round the World was published in 1697. On one of his later expeditions he had, as master of one of his vessels, Alexander Selkirk, who was marooned at Juan Fernandez and was presently to be immortalized as Robinson Crusoe.

P. 98, 1. 2. More. Henry More (1614-1687), an English metaphysical and theological writer.

P. 98, 1. 2. Cardan. Jerome Cardan, or Cardano (1501-1576), an Italian scientist who wrote more than a hundred treatises on mathematics, rhetoric, music, medicine, and other subjects.

P. 99, 1. 1. Boyle. Robert Boyle (1627-1691), the most celebrated natural philosopher of his time.

P. 99, 1. 22. Royal Society. The Royal Society of London - an association founded for the promotion of scientific knowledge - was incorporated by a charter of Charles II. in 1662. Cf. note to p. 23, l. 15.

P. 102, 1. 3. that. Spectator, Nos. 78 and 80.

P. 102, 1. 4. yeoman.

For use of who, which, and that, see

A man possessing a small estate in

land, but not ranking as one of the gentry.

P. 102, 1. 5. just within the game-act. "The 3d of

James I., Cap. 14, Clause V., provides that if any person who has not real property producing forty pounds per annum, or who has not two hundred pounds worth of goods and chattels, shall presume to shoot game, 'Then any person having lands, tenements, or hereditaments of the clear yearly value of one hundred pounds a year may take from the person or possession of such malefactor or malefactors, and to his own use forever keep, such guns, bows, cross-bows, buckstalls, engine-bays, nets, ferrets, and coney dogs, etc.' This amiable enactment. ... was the law of the land even so late as 1827, for it was only repealed by the 7th and 8th Geo. IV., Chap. 27.”- WILLS. P. 104, 1. 20. sign-post. "Our streets are filled with blue boars, black swans, and red lions; not to mention flying pigs and hogs in armour, with many other creatures more extraordinary than any in the deserts of Afric.

"I would forbid that creatures of jarring and incongruous natures should be joined together in the same sign; such as the bull and the neat's tongue, the dog and the gridiron. The fox and the goose may be supposed to have met, but what has the fox and the seven stars to do together? And when did the lamb and dolphin ever meet, except upon a sign-post? As for the cat and fiddle, there is a conceit in it; and therefore I do not intend that any thing I have here said should affect it.". ON A COMMISSIONER OF SIGNS: Spectator, No. 28.

Before reading was a popular acquirement, signs were absolutely necessary for the unlearned. Addison's first contribution to The Tatler was on this topic, and told how a poor fellow wandered about London a day, having mistaken the word Bear for Boar.

P. 107, 1. 19. Eudoxus and Leontine. The allegorical form of moral teaching has always been extremely popular. Note several instances in the Vicar of Wakefield. This story means: there is no exertion but is urged by the spur. It is interesting to observe that allegories easily reduce to proverbs. This, for example, to "Necessity is the mother of invention," or "Need makes the old wife trot."

P. 113, 1. 2. malice of parties. Party spirit ran high in the early part of the eighteenth century, and party feeling was intense.

Swift declared, in 1703, that even the cats and dogs were infected with Whig and Tory animosity. (See, among other essays of the time, The Tatler, No. 155; The Freeholder, No. 34; and The Spectator, No. 403.) This condition of things had serious influence on literature. Every distinguished writer of the day - Pope alone excepted - had his side: though Addison's urbane temper and superiority to the vulgarity of party strife is notable throughout these papers, and is commented on by all who have ever written about him. Steele was just the contrary, but was held in check by Addison.

P. 113, 1. 5. round-heads and cavaliers. The Roundheads were supporters of the Parliamentary party during the Civil War of 1642. They were for the most part Puritans, and gained their nickname from wearing their hair cut short; while the Cavaliers, or adherents of Charles I., allowed their hair to fall on to their shoulders in ringlets. See Green's History of the English People.

P. 114, 1. 27-p. 115, 1. 2. Plutarch. The substance of these remarks will be found in Plutarch's treatise On the Usefulness of Enemies.

that great rule. That is, the Golden Rule.

P. 115, 1. 5. P. 116, 1. 24. Guelfes and Gibellines. "The Guelfes were the party in Italy that sided with the popes in their long struggle with the German emperors, the Gibellincs being the imperialist faction. The rivalry of these parties kept Italy in a state of ferment from the eleventh to the fourteenth century. See Hunt's History of Italy.

P. 116, 1. 25. the League. This was the great Catholic league formed by the Duke of Guise, in the sixteenth century, to resist the progress of Protestantism and ensure Catholic succession for the crown of Henry III. See Kitchen's History of

France.

P. 119, 1. 22. Diodorus Siculus. A Greek historian, who lived in the times of Julius Cæsar and Augustus. His History of the World, from the creation to the Gallic Wars of Julius Cæsar, occupied him for thirty years; but of the forty books, fifteen only have been preserved entire.

P. 120, 1. 3. the behaviour of ordinary partisans. "Addison must surely have been thinking, when he wrote thus, of the case of the great Duke of Marlborough, who, by a cabal concerted between an ungrateful court and an intriguing ministry, had, about six months before, been ignominiously dismissed from the command of the army and deprived of all his offices." - ARNOLD.

P. 120, 1. 5. the example of the wild Tartars. Cf. note to p. 143, 1. 19.

P. 120, 1. 24.

cock-match. Cock-fighting was then one of

the chief amusements of country gentlemen.

P. 123, 1. 3.

P. 129, 1. 22. cunning man, or No. 474.

gipsies. Cf. Vicar of Wakefield, Chap. x.

cunning man. For description of the popular clairvoyant, Duncan Campbell, see Spectator,

P. 129, 1. 25. white witch. A witch who was supposed to use her supernatural powers for good instead of evil.

P. 129, 1. 29. Jesuit. A member of the Society of Jesus, an influential Catholic religious order established about 1534. From the time of the Gunpowder Plot, then supposed to have been instigated by them, and indeed many years before, they were hated and violently persecuted. After the Revolution of 1688, the people, and especially the Whigs, or men not of Sir Roger's party," always suspected the Jesuits and the Tories of being secretly combined to restore the exiled Stuart family to the throne of England.

66

P. 130, 1. 5. some discarded Whig. With the fall of the Whig ministry, in the autumn of 1710, Addison lost his Irish secretaryship. He may very well, therefore, have been thinking of himself when he wrote in this way.

P. 131, 1. 13. stories of a cock and a bull. What the cock might tell the bull; mere gossip. The French phrase is coq à l'ane: what the cock says to the donkey.

P. 131, 1. 19. commonwealth's men. That is, Republicans or Whigs.

P. 132, 1. 13. Ephraim the Quaker. Quakers are the members of the Society of Friends, founded by George Fox (1624-1691).