of the butts of the second layer being placed at the thinned to six inches, carrots to three inches, man- ointment on a soft rag. When a disposition to foot of the butts of the first layer. This is called a gel wurzel to twelve inches apart in the rows. Next form biles appears, they may be prevented by takdouble course. The next double course, the butts dressing may be performed by a small cultivator, ing a mixture of cream of tartar, and flowers of are placed at right angles to the first. and the last one may and ought to be done to the sulphur, and by drinking freely of an infusion of I believe I have now gone through the particu- depth of 6 or 8 inches, by the subsoil plough, run- sassafras blossoms, or root of dandelion. lars, but have enlarged much more than I had in ning it as near the rows of plants as possible with- Burns and Scalds.-When these are of small excontemplation; I find it, however, impossible to ab- out disturbing their roots, by which means the con- tent, ease may be speedily obtained by the applicabreviate on a subject which is intended for instruc-gealing effects of droughts is prevented, by keeping tion of cold water, of such a temperature as is adetion to the novice. I have only to ask to be excus- the ground in fine mellow tilth all the dry season; quate to the intended object. It is to be renewed ed for any imperfections in drafting this essay, and by giving them the finishing hoing and cleansing as often as is requisite to allay the pain. If the for sending you this rough original; for its length after the subsoil plough the crop is made; in this part scalded be the foot or leg, and covered with a and my engagements absolutely preclude my either way root crops may be raised in great quantities, stocking, it should be instantaneously pulled off; copying or correcting it at this time. and at a very small expense, compared with the but if only a minute or two have elapsed after the usual garden methods. I am yours, very respectfully, J. S. WILLIAMS. [The next number of the American Farmer will ROBERT SINCLAIR. MERS. accident, before any attempt is made to afford relief, the stocking should be cut away; as in the attempt to pull it off the cuticle will come with it, and greatly increase the anguish by the exposure contain a communication from Mr. Williams, with ON DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF FAR- of the true skin to the air. Ice must not be added a diagram, explanatory of a labour-saving method, used by him with great advantage, for prizing tobacco.] Observations on the means of preventing and reliev- moting Agriculture-Read May, June, July, August, to the water, for by the sudden abstraction of the heat of the part, it will cause pain. After the sebe bathed with a thin rag, dipped in cold lead water verity of the pain has been allayed, the part may If blisters form, they should be opened by a needle and then covered with Jamestownf weed ointment. or a very small puncture of a lancet, to let out the water contained in them. Preserve the old skin to defend the part from the irritation of the air, while the new skin is forming. ON THE CULTIVATION OF MANGELWUR-[From the Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for proZEL, BEETS, PARSNIPS AND CARROTS. The three first thrive best on a deep moist sandy loam, and as these crops are becoming every year more important in field as well as garden culture, Biles.-These are occasioned either by constituand they having long since been satisfactorily pro- tional or local causes. When they are numerous, If the burn or scald happen in winter, or be exven, not only to be very useful, but almost indispen- they are very generally attributed to grossness of tensive, the application of cold water would create sable in keeping stock in fine condition through the the system, or in popular language, to "too rich a chilliness, which is to be carefully avoided. In winter months, when sliced and mixed with straw, blood." They do indeed occur sometimes in per- this case the part may be wrapped up in cotton, does away the necessity of hay, and works up the sons of gross habits, but they also very commonly and permitted to remain on until ease be obtainstraw and chaff which otherwise would have to be attack others, who have been debilitated by pre-ed: it should then be moistened and gradually rethrown into the manure yard, and which, when vious diseases, particularly fevers and dysentery. moved, and the part covered with the above ointgiven to stock without roots, bind their bowels, and When purges have been omitted to be given after ment, or one of bees' wax and oil, and washed leave them in a very unthrifty state, which is effec- the small pox, cow pox or measles, they almost in every day with a solution of white vitriol and water tually corrected by the mixture of roots, and will variably occur. When they succeed a general in the proportion of twenty grains to a pint of also fatten them with the addition of a small por-disease, they are commonly, but erroneously sup-water. tion of meal. posed to be critical, or to be the deposit of the ori Hydrophobia.-The disease produced by the bite My method of cultivating these roots is as follows: ginal cause of the complaint, or the last effort of of a dog, wolf, fox, or cat when mad. for these crops choose land which has had some the system, or of "nature," to terminate a previous Every person who keeps a dog is liable to this previous mellowing crops, such as corn, potatoes, disease. They are therefore deemed healthful, and disease, and not a year passes without the publicaclover of one year's standing, &c. plough the ground much unnecessary suffering is often occasioned by tion of the accounts of deaths from it. To guard in the fall or winter, in the following manner: with neglecting them. against it let the following cautions be attended to: two horses plough a narrow furrow as deep as they The local causes of biles are picking off the avoid all intercourse with strange dogs or cats. can, then let a second two horse team follow the heads of little pimples, or irritating a scratch or These animals when infected, often bite without first plough in its furrow, with what we call a sub-wound made by a knife or pointed instrument. provocation, and without exhibiting the least sympsoil plough, which loosens and pulverizes the sub- They also often happen without any obvious cause. tom of disease. A bite received from one of these soil in the bottom of each furrow to the depth of It is difficult to disperse a genuine furunculus or animals, whether young or old, in the first hour of six or eight inches more, and leaves the pulverized bile, unless it be early attended to. When, how the disease, and however small, is equally dansubsoil to be covered by the next furrow of the two ever, they attack a joint, or appear in any part of gerous as a large one, or one inflicted when at its horse plough, and so on leaving the good soil on the body which it will be troublesome to attend to, height: nay, cases related on most respectable autop, and mellow to the depth of 12 or 14 inches, the experiment ought to be made, by the applica thority have occurred in the United States, and in which is absolutely necessary to the production of tion of three or four leeches, and of a thin cloth other countries, of the disease and death being prothose tap-rooted vegetables; in the spring, as early dipped in cold lead water to the part, and by taking duced by bites from dogs while the dogs themselves as the ground is dry, cross-plough in the same man- one or more purges; but when it is evident that a continued in good health.‡ ner as above, then spread on a good coat of well disposition prevails in the part to suppurate, poul- In case of a wound being received, it should be rotted manure, and plough it in 4 inches deep, and tices of flax seed, or of bread and milk, covered instantly wiped, and washed with soap and water, harrow or scarify until the ground is fine. I then with oil or hogs' fat, ought to be applied and re- and then well sucked, either by the sufferer himself proceed to lay out the drills two feet apart by means newed twice a day. If great pain attend, a tea or another person. There is not the smallest danof an instrument made as follows: take a piece of spoonful or two of laudanum may be poured over ger in thus applying the saliva of a dog to a sound oak scantling 4 by 4 inches, 7 feet long, into which the poultice. Much pain arising from the disten- mouth, for a wound or a sore are essentially necesbore 4 holes 2 feet apart, commencing 6 inches from sion of the skin may be prevented, and the course sary to give activity to the poison. If the wound the end, with a two inch auger, into which drive of the disease shortened, by a free and early open-be large, water should be poured from a tea kettle strong pointed pins 7 inches long, (beside the part ing of the bile, to discharge the purulent collection in the head) to which oak piece attach a pair of and the gangrenous cellular membrane, commonly * Take of cream of tartar one ounce, flowers of sulshafts and handles, and by the assistance of a horse called the core. When from fear of a little mo-phur half an ounce, molasses, or honey, if preferred, all the drills may be made of regular width and of mentary acute pain caused by the use of a lancet, enough to combine the ingredients. Mix thoroughly, proper depth to receive the manure and seed, and the sufferer delays the operation, or permits the and take a table-spoonful, three times a day, washing it then drill in the seed, which may be performed by bile to break spontaneously, or will consent only to down with the drinks above prescribed, or water. mixing them with sifted wood, ashes or fine manure, a small opening, the disease often extends, or a † Corruptly called "Jimson weed." It is the Datura and drill both in together; if dropped by hand they fresh collection of pus takes place. After opening Stramonium of the botanists. The ointment is made by must be covered with a mixture of well rotted ma- the bile continue the poultices until the cavity of mixing the juice of the plant with melted hogs' fat; or nure, or rich earth from the woods, both which the bile is emptied, and after the second day, insert the leaves pounded in a mortar, may be boiled with the will prevent a crust from forming over the seed and a tent of soft oiled linen, (twisted or rolled to a fat, and then strained. will promote the growth of the young plants, as soon point,) in the wound, to prevent its too early re-my paper on this disease. In two of these cases, it is See the Med. Recorder of Philadelphia, vol. 2d, for as they are cleverly up: weeds will also appear, and union. This must be removed at every dressing, not mentioned whether the dogs, at the time they bit must be removed whilst in a red state by hoing and and the matter gently pressed out. When the ca- the person, exhibited any marks of indisposition. One hand picking; the parsnips and beets ought to be vity is emptied, apply a simple cerate or basilicon dog did not exhibit the least appearance of being mad. on it for half an hour, and the edges of the wound madder is commonly raised in gardens; is dried in "These sets, after the land has been formed into opened, to give free admission to it: and in every the root, and sent to market for sale. I once used a beds, 5 feet in breadth, with 2 feet between each for case ley of wood ashes, or a solution of potash in few pounds of those roots, and the colour obtained intervals, are put in by means of a line and a dibble, water must be afterwards used as a wash. Mercurial was equal to that produced from the second quality beginning at a distance of six inches from the outointment should then be rubbed in the wound, which Dutch grapp. sides and setting a row of plants at a distance of must be prevented from healing for two weeks. D. Ambourney informs us that the roots taken five, six, or more inches from each other; then reThe application of caustics to the wound has re- from the ground and washed, will, by using four moving the line two feet further on them, and peatedly failed to prevent the disease. If a skilful pounds for one, produce all the effect of the best putting in another row, and so on, till the bed is surgeon be at hand, and the part bitten admit of prepared. This fact is highly important to manu- finished. In this way each bed contains three rows the operation, it should be cut out, which will effec-facturers, as it points out to them an easy and cheap of plants at two feet distance each. tually secure the sufferer from all danger of future way of supplying the article for their own consump "As some of the plants are liable to die soon after disease. But the surgeon should take care, that he tion. They need only enclose a piece of ground of the work has been performed, it is necessary, in do not inoculate with his knife the parts below the sufficient extent to plant a small quantity at first, the course of two or three weeks, to look over the extent of the wound. After the first incision, there- and by transplanting from these every year, they ground and put fresh vigorous plants in the places fore, a clean knife should be used. can, taking them up as they want them, obtain the where the others have been destroyed. It may be satisfactory to know that not more requisite supply at half the price they now pay. "It is of the greatest consequence to the crop that than one in twelve persons bitten, are attacked by I have selected information relative to the cultiva- it be kept perfectly clean; and that the mould be the disease; but this fact must not cause the ne- tion of madder, which I request you, Messrs. Edi- occasionally stirred about the roots of the plants." glect of the local means mentioned, for in the Uni-tors, to publish, for the guidance of those who may ted States every case that has occurred has proved wish to make the attempt. Roots will be supplied, fatal. Wounds received through clothes are much or information given where they can be obtained, less dangerous than those inflicted upon the bare by Wm. Partridge, 45, Fulton-street. Those genskin, as the poisonous saliva in the former case, tlemen who may be desirous of obtaining roots, will Extract of a letter to the Editor, dated Lewisbery, would be probably wiped off from the teeth. please give early notice of the intention. In due HOPSON. PROSPECT OF CROPS. Pennsylvania, March 27, 1826. "Our crops of wheat and rye in this part of the country are very promising. The present month of January and February were so severe, at times, has been, so far, very favourable; but the months In the event of the disease appearing, not a time I shall give the necessary information of the moment should be lost in consulting a physician; processes of dyeing, grinding, and putting the artiand the treatment I advise, is to bleed the patient cle up for distant markets. while standing or sitting up, until fainting is pro"It will be necessary to plough the land deeply duced; and if the symptoms recur the operation for madder, before the winter, into high ridges, in must be repeated, and to the same extent. The order that it may be exposed to the action and in-as to have destroyed the most of our peaches-intemporary exhaustion from the loss of blood will fluence of the frosts and the atmosphere. Early in the north-west and north wind, there is scarcely an deed, except where the trees were sheltered from soon be recovered from, while death will be the the spring these ridges should be well harrowed HORTICULTURE. GOOSEBERRIES. [There is scarcely an old garden to be seen which inevitable result of any other known treatment. I down by a heavy long tined harrow, and then embryon peach to be found uninjured! Trees sido not promise a cure from the bleeding, but it has ploughed again in the contrary direction to a good tuated on high grounds did not escape, as is fre succeeded in two cases; one in Calcutta and one in depth. And when after this the land is not perfect- quently the case where fruit is injured by frost.” England; and these warrant the use of it, consider- ly clean from weeds, or not rendered sufficiently ing the total failure of all other remedies hitherto fine and mellow, another ploughing and harrowing tried. It is essential that the blood be lost in the should be given. In the last operations the ground course of the two first days of the disease.* Dogs should always be left in as level and even a state as should be carefully prevented from eating carrion possible. It is then ready for the reception of the of any kind. The sufferer is earnestly entreated plants. The sets or plants may then be obtained not to trifle with his life by trusting to any of the either by sowing the seeds upon a bed of earth has not some squares in it incumbered with goosenumerous specifics with which the public have at which is rich, and made perfectly fine by digging berries and currant bushes-we say incumbered, different times been duped. Their recorded failures and raking in the spring, and then lightly covering because, how are they managed? Of what utility prove that they do not possess the power of either in; or from offsets or suckers from the old plants. are they? How much fruit do they yield? It is true preventing or curing the disease. As regards a In the first method, on the plants appearing they we sometimes get a gooseberry pie, which is very cure, they make no pretensions; their boasted suc- should be made perfectly clean by weeding, and to nice, but so great is the quantity of sugar used in cess is confined solely to prevention; but it is a well be set out at the distance of three inches in the making it, that, like the Indian's gun, it costs more established fact, that as many persons who took no beds by the hoe. In this way, by keeping the than it comes to. But the defect to which we would remedy have escaped, as those who have undergone ground quite clean and well stirred about the plants, advert, for the sake of reprobating it, is the too prea long course of preventive medicines.. Even a sa- they will be ready to set out in the second autumn; valent custom of planting good fruit and then leavlivation, long continued, has repeatedly failed. though it will be mostly better to defer the busi- ing it to its own fate. The gooseberry bush is ne(To be continued.) ness till spring. It requires about thirty thousand ver pruned and trimmed, and scarcely ever even plants for setting an acre of land. The most suitable weeded; and were it not for its extreme hardiness, time for taking the sets is shown by the plants having it would perish as does a plant of corn or cotton, ON THE CULTIVATION OF MADDER. attained the height of ten or twelve inches from the when left without culture to struggle for itself. As (From the New York Statesman.) ground, and the suckers having thrown out fibrous it is, though our gooseberry bushes may live, they As manufactures progress, many agricultural pro- roots from their bottoms. This may be seen by get so clustered with wood as to exclude light and ducts will be brought into demand, which, from the drawing up a few of the plants, and usually about air, and yield nothing but dimunitive sour green variety of our soil and climate, may as well be rais- the latter end of May or beginning of June. Be- berries. People generally, really appear not even ed in this country, as in any other; and it is the in- sides it is necessary that the sets have formed root- to know, that with a little care and attention, they terest of our agriculturists to seize every opportu- fibres at the bottom, before they are removed, as might supply their tables with an abundance of denity of cultivating new products, as soon as a suffi- where that is not the case they never succeed well. licious wholesome fruit, eatable with great pleasure cient demand is created to warrant the attempt. The land being prepared as directed and the plants in its natural state. They have no idea that their Madder has become an article of great consump- provided, a sufficient number of labourers are to be tables in season might be supplied with plates of tion, and the demand is daily increasing. That it employed, that the work may be performed as ex- this fruit as large as the end of a miller's thumb. can be raised in most parts of North America, in peditiously as possible. In taking off the sets much They are not aware that in a climate not more conthe greatest perfection, has been tested by expe- care is necessary not to injure them. The number genial than ours, culture has produced 200 sorts of rience. Mrs. Madison made a report to the Philo- of plants that can be set in a short time should be red, yellow, green and white gooseberries. There sophical Society of Philadelphia, many years since, taken up at once. They should be prepared by are very few, at least within the range of our acof madder raised under her direction, and the re- having a third part of their tops cut off; a sort of quaintance who know how to esteem this valuable port was accompanied with a sample of cotton dyed thin batter should be made by mixing good vegeta fruit. From the gardens of Major M’Kim, and on Adrianople red, that has never been exceeded ble mould and water well together, into which the friend P. E. Thomas, the latter of whom has himin colour by any European dyer. In Kentucky, roots of the sets should be well dipped before they self imported 60 kinds-we have seen gooseberare placed into the earth, as by this means the ne- ries so large and so superior to those commonly Physicians are referred to the "Medical Recorder of cessity of watering the plants afterwards is prevent- to be seen, that we are sure that many people would Philadelphia," vol. 2d, pp. 174, 285; and vol. 6, p. 35, ed. This work is executed by a person before the not readily know what to call them; but they know for the cases cured by bleeding, and my remarks thereTwo others are employed the value of an axiom that every man, whether on. The particulars of any case in which this treat-planting commences. ment shall have been adopted, with or without success, afterwards in distributing the plants so as to be con- farmer or merchant, ought to adopt, to wit:will be acceptable to the author. venient for putting them into the ground. What you do undertake, be careful to execute ON SEEDLINGS THE SECOND YEAR. fruitful bushes, and let them be well ripened strong shoots of last summer's growth. I never prefer the most luxuriant shoots, but rather those of a middling degree of growth. in the best manner. If you go to the expense and la-apart in the bed, and kept clear of weeds, and should bour of rearing or keeping a horse, let it be one of be watered when required, until winter. good blood and action, and be well kept. If you keep but one cow, let her be well kept and a good Any time between the fall of the leaf in autumn, one at the pail. If you build a mill, let it be one of Take the shoots off at the bottom joint and keep and the rise of the sap in spring, get a plot of light best materials and construction, with power most each sort by itself, tied up in small parcels, with skilfully applied. So if you plant but one fruit tree, ground prepared for the reception of the seedling strands of bass matting, until the next operation, plants, which having finished to the extent required, which if not convenient at this time, they must be or one gooseberry bush; bestow your time and care on one of good kind, let it be well kept, cultivated, begin taking up the plants from the seed bed, (both pruned, &c. It will then give you the best return, large and small, for if they have done well they will put about half their length in the ground, where and do you credit besides; which are, after all, the now be tolerably well rooted plants, but if other they will keep with safety for a considerable time, only rational objects of undertaking any thing. But wise, let them remain in the beds another year, and according to the advancement of the season. here you are, say our readers, writing us a grave and prune them up to a clear stem of from twelve the top off, allowing the cutting to be left at from then follow the same directions as are here given,) ly under the protuberant part of the lower joint, cut Prepare the cuttings by pruning off neat and closescolding lecture on gooseberry bushes! do you take us all for geese? No! a good sermon may be preach-to eighteen inches in height, leaving only three, twelve to eighteen inches in length, and rub off all ed from a short text. The most sublime and clo-four, or five buds or eyes, at the top of the stem, to the beds or eyes, to about four, five, or six at top, quent to which we ever listened, was by Mr. form the head or bush. Everett, the member of Congress, on "Brethren Plant them in the ground already prepared for the time is short;" and though perhaps quite as them, at about fifteen inches apart in the row and long, yet to his delighted audience, it seemed as did twenty inches apart between the rows, and if dry four to six inches deep, and at from six to nine inchReuben Butler's ordination sermon to David Deans, weather at the time, give them a little water to set "a short allowance of spiritual provender" However that's not "germain to the matter." To return to the gooseberries, those who would have them or any other berries, should take care of them, or dig them up end plant cabbages in their place: those who would cultivate them and wish for instruction may read the following:] Concise and practical treatise on the growth and culture of the Gooseberry: including a catalogue of the finest and most esteemed varieties that are now cultivated. By R. F. D. Levington. tle the earth about their roots. If dry weather continues, they will require gentle watering to be given them frequently, in order to facilitate their vegetation. Keep them clear of weeds, and go over them at different times in the course of the spring and summer, and displace any suckers arising from the roots or laterals from the stems. ON SEEDLINGS THE THIRD YEAR. which will remain to form the head or bush. clear of weeds, &c. ON CUTTINGS THE SECOND YEAR. Prune them up to a compact formed head, which should be supported at the top of a clear stem, about twelve or fifteen inches from the surface, the top to consist of three, four, or five shoots, according to their strength, and prune them back to within two, three, or four inches of the stem, observing the above rule. Having thus finished the pruning, &c. clear away the cuttings, and if required give a light sprinkling of well incorporated rotten manure, and dig it carefully in between the rows, with light spit laid up During the last summer's growth, the young bushes (if healthy,) will have made considerable good [Communicated for the American Farmer.] shoots, which it is advisable to let remain entire, unless they are too thick of laterals, and those growThe following treatise is confined entirely to the ing irregularly across one another, when it will on propagation, cultivation, and general management such occasions be proper that they be cut off close to of the gooseberry, from its earliest state to its last the main shoots. stage of profitable vegetation; and shews that ma- As the gooseberry bears its fruit principally on rough; keep them gently watered, and carefully nagement, in as brief and comprehensible a man- the young shoots of last summer's growth, that wood cleared during the spring and summer, which will be ner as possible. The writer is himself a practical is now to be left entire, as there will be a likelihood all they require till their final transplantation in the gardener, and is impressed with a belief, that his of the plants having some fruit on the ensuing sea-following season. long practice and experience in the profession, will son, which may be depended upon as a true sperender this work the less liable to error. cimen of its future produce. Those berries which prove to be bad sorts, and ON SEEDLINGS THE FIRST YEAR. ON SOILS AND MANURES. The soil best adapted to gooseberries, is a light The method of raising gooseberries from seed is not worthy of any further trial, cannot be eradicated sandy loam of considerable texture or cohesiveness, chiefly practised by amateurs, whose ambition in- too soon from the ground, which will afford more of at least twelve inches deep, over a sub-soil of pure cites them to the pleasure of giving a name to a fine room and nourishment for those that are found wor- gravel, soft clay, or dry sand, though nevertheless they are found in great vigour of growth and health new sort (which they may have the good fortune to thy to remain. raise) or to the hopes of gaining a prize at the But if it should so happen that the season be wet, in many different soils; but if the bottom is wet, gooseberry shows, of which they may be mem- bear any fruit this year, or not being perfectly heal- little good can be looked for, though the upper soil or the bush not in a good state of health, it may not and the sub-soil a retentive clay, irony gravel, &c. Being in possession of a quantity of seed, about thy, and the season unfavourable for ripening and be ever so good. bringing fruits to maturity, may produce an imper- It is in vain to attempt the rearing of a plantation the month of February or March, is a good time to fect berry, the bush on such occasions is not to be of gooseberries, where the bottom is not either dry begin sowing. Prepare a nice bit of light ground, condemned, until it has a more favourable chance by nature, or otherwise previously rendered so by by manuring and digging it well according to its of proving itself another year. draining. quality. bers. the head, Pruning and Training. ON CUTTINGS THE FIRST YEAR. When it is thus prepared to the extent required, I come now to the preparing of ground: of whatever texture or disposition the soil of a plantation is, line it off into beds of four feet wide, alloting two it should be trenched at least two spit deep, and spare feet between each bed, for the alleys, and strongly manured with composts or simple manure with a wooden headed or cuffin rake, and standing This mode of cultivation is by all practical au- according to the nature of the soil, which if of a at one side of the bed, draw and push the back of thority in the greatest repute and practice in the light disposition, is to be manured with cow-dung, the rake, evenly from one side of the bed to the propagation of gooseberries; as experience teaches pond-mud, scourings of dishes, sprats. sea-ware, other, moving the surface about one or two inches us that it is attended with the greatest share of suc- &c. if of a cold heavy nature, it is to be manured deep; lay it up in a ridge at the extremity of each cess, for reasons which I will explain; in the first with horse-dung, pigeon-dung, soot, ashes, &c.; all side of the bed, in as neat and even a manner as place, the plant from a cutting, comes sooner to a of which are either to be used in composts, or as possible. bearing state, and with less trouble than in any other simples; but composts are to be preferred. Sow the seeds regularly therein, between the two mode; secondly, as you will probably be acquainted If the new plantation ground be taken in from ridges, and give it a gentle clap down, with the back with the kind or kinds you intend to cultivate, or of pasture, it is proper that it be trenched full three of the spade; then again with the front and back of the description which you have with or of them, spit deep, laying the top turf upside down, at the the rake, draw back the surface earth regularly over you can then judge if they are what you want, and bottom of the trench. the seeds, and cover them equally about one inch can depend upon, and if so, you can then look fordeep, with the lightest and driest of the mould. ward with a greater certainty of success to your laThey will soon begin to germinate, and appear bours. ON PLANTING. Having the ground prepared, stretch out the line, above the surface, when they will require to be I consider about the month of February or March, at from five to seven feet apart, according to the kept clear of weeds, and gently watered if dry hot to be the best time for this work to be done, though texture of the soil, (that is at five feet in bad soil, weather, and on a light dry soil, which will greatly nevertheless any time from the fall to the rise of the and seven in that of superior quality) and make forward their growth; when they arrive at about sap is attended with success, providing that the wea- marks at opposite distances along the line, in a sort two, three, or four inches in height, they will re- ther is open and dry at the time. of diamonded manner, or as it is termed in the garquire to be thinned out, to about six or eight inches Choose the cuttings from the most healthy and den, zig-zagged; at every mark dig the pit large and deep enough for the root to lay out at full observe to cut out all old wood, and retain as much length, without being confined or cramped. of the young as is necessary, laying in the young shoots at full length, and at regular distances from each other. Proceed to plant the bushes in an upright manner, and not deeper than just to cover the top part of the roots, about two inches below the surface, Look over them at different times during the taking care to shake the plant regularly as the mould spring and summer, and remove a great portion of is falling round the roots, that it may completely the over-abundant young wood, and nail in the resurround them, and place them in a sound proper mainder, that they may not shade the advancing bed, giving them a gentle tread with your foot, and fruit. a little water if required to moisten the mould. ON PRUNING AND TRAINING. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CANAL COM [The following extract from the Annual Report of the New York Canal Commissioners, will be found highly illustrative of the magnitude of the Give them gentle waterings in hot dry weather work, and its prodigious efficacy in augmenting the during the summer, until within about a fortnight prosperity of the whole state. The revenue arising In a new plantation of gooseberries, great care of the fruit being ripe, after which, the less moisture from the canal will speedily discharge the entire must be observed with respect to the proper form they have the better it will be for the flavour of the debt incurred in its construction, and produce, for of the bushes, the shape of which should be similar fruit. the community that completed it, means amply to that of a common shaped basin. By attention to the above hints, you may have adequate to the accomplishment of whatever else The gooseberry produces its fruit both on the gooseberries much earlier, larger, and of superior may be thought conducive to the strength or the young wood, and on the spurs of several year's flavour to those in the open ground, which is a con- ornament of a state, which possesses of herself, all branches; but the fruit on the former is much more siderable advantage at an early period of the season. that is necessary to constitute a great and powerful (To be continued.) republick; unfolded and applied as her resources preferable. have been, by genius and foresight commensurate with them. Therefore, encouragement is to be given to the young shoots as much as possible; keep the centre clear of shoots and all other wood, and shape the bush regularly round, filling up the sides with as much young wood, and fruitful spurs as possible, left at regular distances. In the general winter's pruning, be careful to select the most fruitful young shoots which are not the most luxuriant, but rather those of a middling degree of growth. DEAR SIR, FARINA. Oxford, March 1, 1826. Some would be for erecting monuments to eternize the fame of the founders of such works; but of opinion) in your valuable work, about the effect for us, we regard the works themselves and their Farina has on Fruit Trees, I beg leave to give you most pervading in their influence. What, in fact, history, as, of all monuments, the most durable and the result of my experience on that score-say 20 are mere piles of stone and mortar? Limited in years. As to vegetables, I suppose no dispute can arise, as almost every farmer and gardener knows their direct operation on the mind through the they will depreciate, &c. but let it be well under-senses, perishable in their materials, and too often Allow them to remain at about six or eight inches stood, that when any two fruit trees of the same erected to commemorate the achievements of some apart at the top, or extremities of the young wood, species unite together, or within a few feet of each unprincipled tyrant-who that they may not remain too crowded, which would other, should it so happen that they get in full bloom only serve to prevent the maturing of the fruit. at the same time, one will alter the fruit of the But if the bush is allowed to run up filled with other; and sometimes may alter it for the better, wood in the centre, keep them as thin of branches but generally for the worse, and commonly depreof old wood as possible, with which view you will ciate it very much; but if they do not bloom within ing alive the memory of Washington, and a venenow prune out all old worn-out and cross placed one or two days of the same time, it will have no ration for his principles by any such expedient, as wood, or any coarse naked old branches, retaining effect. My grapes that run together have not the truly ridiculous if not insulting. If the fame of young wood where necessary to fill up their places; least alteration when they do not bloom nearly at General Washington lasts as long as the art of and cut out all the over-abundant lateral shoots of the same time: and some few vines blooming at the printing, with which it is commensurate as long last summer close to the old wood. same time, have the fruit altered, even when not as the city that bears his name-in a word, as long "Meteor-like, flames lawless through the void; Destroying others, by himself destroy'd." Hence we have always regarded the idea of keep When any of the branches are too long and ram- mixed together, by winds, bees, &c. To prove the as we remain a free nation, his best friends ought bling, cut such down to some convenient lateral above, I beg leave to mention the following fact, to be satisfied. So with all successful asserters of shoot, &c. to remain for a temporal leader, and on with a hope that it may be useful to some people, viz: principles, such as are embodied in the Declaration all occasions in this pruning, be sure to leave the I budded some limbs of the white Bergamot Peach, of Independence. So with the founders of such pubyoung shoots at full length, unless it be those of a with buds of the Indian Blood Peach, from the lic works as the New York canals-principles that rambling disposition, and then merely to keep them Cherokee nation. The white peaches have a few will endure as long as the sense of right and wrong: sightly, for by cutting the tops off the leading shoots, red streaks in them, but not materially injured; but works that we hope will last until "the waters are it only encourages a profusion of unnecessary young the blood peaches are reduced in flavour and beau-dried up." wood to spring forth, and in consequence of which, ty and full of white streaks, and will plainly show the fruit will be much smaller; being too full of all who view them that they are absolutely mixed, ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CANAL COMMISSIONERS. wood greatly excludes the free air, and reviving sun, and do not appear to be the Indian peach. I also from ripening the fruit early or well, and also ren-beg leave to caution those gentlemen that raise fine [Made to the Legislature, March 25, 1826.] ders it more troublesome to gather. pears, not to have quince trees within 50 yards of To the Legislature of the State of New York: The weeping sorts when heavy laden with fruit, them, for they are apt to blossom about the same In obedience to the act entitled "an act respectsuffer much injury by the branches dragging on the time, and no doubt but will give the pears a rough ing navigable communications between the great ground, but to prevent this, a hoop should be fas-taste; and if you cut off a limb of a tree in full bloom Western and Northern Lakes, and the Atlantic tened to stakes or posts driven into the ground, and and dash it in the blossoms of a tree of the same Ocean," passed 15th April, 1817, the canal comat the distance of a foot from it, to which the branch-species, when it is also in full bloom, it will alter the missioners report: fruit; and the pound pear may be reduced in size, That the unfinished work on the Erie canal at ON TRAINING TO THE WALL, &c. and increased in flavour by the same experiment. the mountain ridge, along the Niagara river, at Gooseberries do well trained against walls, pales, The cause why I now give you this statement is, Black Rock, and at Buffalo, which remained at the &c. the proper kinds for this purpose are the largest, that people may now look out and see it, as the date of our last annual report, was, with some trifinest, and most early sorts, of different colours, trees are about to bloom, and appear to have a flat-fling exceptions, finished in the month of October such as the Crown-bob, Huntsman, Top-sawyer, tering prospect. red-berries; Nelson's-waves, Viper, Rock-wood, yellow-berries; Ocean, Laurel, Independent, greenberies; Smiling-beauty, Wellington's-glory, Thrash es should be dressed. er, white-berries, and such other fine sorts. Plant them about six feet apart, along a wall, JOHN WILLIS. I am, dear sir, yours respectfully, HOPS. last, and on the 26th of that month, the water having been admitted into the canal from the harbour of Black Rock, the first boat ascended the magnificent locks at Lockport, and passed the deep cut through the mountain ridge into the waters of Lake Erie. We understand, says the Salem Observer, The navigation, which, during the summer, had pale, &c. in an open situation, where they can have the several farmers, in the county of Middlesex, terminated in the basin at Lockport, was now exthe full benefit of the sun and air; but if there is not intend, this season, to appropriate all their land tended to Black Rock and to Buffalo; and thus a low wall in a good situation about the premises, to the growth of hops, in consequence of the formed an uninterrupted navigable communication they may be introduced into vacant spaces, at the great demand for them. Several of them have al- from the great western lakes to the Atlantic ocean. under parts of the wall, such as between rider trees, ready contracted to deliver large quantities of hops The first admission of a full head of water upon &c. at your own discretion. at New York and Philadelphia. The whole num- the dam and pier at Black Rock, and into the canal Train them to the wall, &c. in a fan-shaped posi- ber of acres, under hop cultivation, in England, from Buffalo to Lockport, put to the test of actual tion; keep them regularly pruned and dressed to last year, was fifty-six thousand seven hundred and experiment, the strength and solidity of the works, the wall, pale, &c. and in every winter's pruning, eighteen. the accuracy of the levels, and the practicability of carrying through the mountain ridge a supply of hawk river at Rome to the Erie canal, and in other All of which is respectfully submitted, by your comparative view of the transportation upon the the eastern section, and will, with the business which Of the property which has descended the canals To the Canal Commissioners of the State of New York. The toll of 1824 produced the sum of three hundred and forty thousand seven hundred and sixtyone dollars and seven cents, which has been exceeded by the income of last year, by the sum of two GENTLEMEN-The following is a correct statement hundred and twenty-one thousand four hundred and of the boats, with their freight, and rafts which have sixty-four dollars and forty-four cents. The exten- passed on the junction canal, from the 7th of April sion of the canal to lake Erie, and the augmentation to the 12th of December, 1825, from the opening to of business upon all parts of it, afford ground to be- the close of the canal. lieve, that the toll will increase at nearly the same rate the present year, and we estimate the receipts of 1826, at seven hundred and fifty thousand dol lars. Whole number of boats and rafts, inward and outward, 1,537 do. oil 5,573 do. water cem't 273,551 bushels wheat No acc't of coarse grain 7,947 bushels flax seed 349,765 gals. domestic 34,357 cub. feet timber shingles 1825. 9,000 boats were entered with 237,124 bbls. of flour 9,602 do water cem't 547,497 bushels wheat 29,181 do coarse grain 2,755 do flaxseed 409,768 galls. domestic spirits 8,667,343 feet boards and 7,721,000 13,110 148,000 split lath 659,000 Whole amount of tons inward, toward the tide-water, 5,662 boxes glass 185,405 26 tons wool Whole amount do. outward, from tidewater, We add the estimated amount of 102 tons wool 1,666 do U. S. nav. prop. 7,949 do gypsum 89 do tallow 330 do cheese 542 do butter and lard 222 do hops 134 do fur & peltry 1,208 do household goods 22,558 do merchandise including castings, oysters, clams, and several other articles which were charged a different rate of toll in 1824. The number of persons passing Utica in freight 1,309 and packet boats during the last season has exceeded 40,000, and the number of boats, arks, and cribs, which passed the same place has been equal to forty two for every day throughout the period of navigation. 661 576 19 2,586 435,273 tons. crt. .267 17 HENRY SEYMOUR, 127 6 March 26, 1826. STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER, |
