Lord St. Helens, Lord in Waiting.
Band of Gentlemen Pensioners.

Ten of His Majesty's Pages, in a new uniform.

In this manner, moving to the Chapel, the procession entered the south door; passed down the south aisle, and up the centre, or nave, then turning to the left proceeded up the north aisle, to the Chapter-house; the organ and band playing the March in Hercules; the Naval and Poor Knights dividing on either side, at some distance from the Chapter-house; then the Prebends, next above; and the Officers of Arms nearest to the Chapter-house. None entering with the Sovereign into the Chapter-house, but the Knights Companions, and the sworn Officers of the order; the Knights elect retired to their chairs in the aisle behind the altar. The Sovereign's train was carried into the Chapter-house by Garter; and borne out of the Chapter-house by Deputy Black Rod, and then again carried by the Train Bearers. Deputy Black Rod, and the Register, not having been sworn, remained in the aisle, opposite to the Knights elect. The Sovereign and the Knights Companions, being seated, the latter according to their seniority, and their stalls in the Chapel ; Garter acquainted His

Majesty, that Robert Quarme, Esq. Deputy Black Rod, waited at the door and humbly prayed admittance to take the oath of Office: and he being thereupon introduced by Garter, kneeled near the Sovereign, on the left hand, when Garter, holding the Gospels, administered the oath. Deputy Black Rod, having kissed the Sovereign's hand, retired to his place at the bottom of the table. Then Garter, in the absence of the Chancellor (who was indisposed), acquainted His Majesty that the dean of Windsor, the honorable and reverend Dr. Edward Legge, attended at the door, and prayed admittance to take the oath, as the Register of the Order. He was thereupon introduced by Garter and Deputy Black Rod; the latter carrying the ensigns of the Register's office: the locum tenens administered the oath; and Register being invested, and having kissed the Sovereign's hand, withdrew to his place at the bottom of the table. Then, by the Sovereign's command, the officer acting for the Chancellor standing on the left hand of His Majesty, read the new statute. Which done, the Register returned to his place.

Garter then, by the sovereign's command, introduced the duke of Rutland between two knights, viz. their royal highnesses the dukes of York and Clarence, who was received at the door by the two junior knights, and conducted to the table, where the surcoat, girdle, and sword had been placed and Garter presenting the surcoat to the two senior knights, they invested his grace therewith, the Register reading this admontion: take this robe of crimson, to the increase of your honor, and in token and sign of the most noble order you have received, wherewith you being defended, may be bold not only strong to fight, but also to offer yourself to shed your blood for Christ's faith, the liberties of the church, and the just and necessary defence of them who are oppressed and needy. Then Garter presented the girdle in like manner, and afterwards the sword, which they put on his grace, who then took his place near the table. Garter then introduced the honorable captain Yorke, the proxy for the earl of Hardwicke, lord lieutenant of Ireland, and knight elect of the order, who stood at his excellency's place near the table, between their royal highnesses the dukes of Cumberland and Kent.

The duke of Beaufort and his companions were then severally introduced between two knights in like manner, and invested with the surcoat, girdle, and sword.

The knights elect and the proxy continued in the Chapter-house, while the procession to the Chapel was made down to the bottom of the north aisle and up the nave, into the choir, in the following order;-First, the naval and poor knights, who, coming into the choir, made their reverences, first to the altar, then to the sovereign's stall, and placed themselves, on each side, near the altar. The prebends made their reverences in like manner, and went to their places under the stalls. The officers of arms, making their reverences, stood next to the poor knights. Then the knights companions, each in the order in which he had walked, made their reverences, and retired under their banners, where they re

duced and installed, in the same manner as the duke of Rutland, and by the same Knights respectively, who introduced them into the Chapter house. The Knights thus installed, divine service began; which was the same with that used in St. George's Chapel on the Obiit Sundays; except that no sermon was preached. Proper psalms, the 21st, 146th and 147th. First lesson, 44th chapter of Ecclesiacticus. Te Deum, composed by Gibbons. Second lesson, 11th chapter of the epistles to the Hebrews. The anthem, a celebrated composition of Handel, selected for the occasion by his majesty, from Psalm the 21st, was sung at the conclusion of the first service. Full chorus-Hallelujah. Communication service-Kyrie Eleeson, by Dr. Child.

At the words of the offertory, 'Let your light so shine, &c.'-the organ and band playing the air in 'Berenice,'-the officers of the wardrobe spread a carpet on the steps of the altar; and Deputy Black Rod, making his obeisances, went up to the rails of the altar, on the right side: where he received from the yeoman of the wardrobe, a rich carpet and cushion, which with the assistance of the yeoman, he laid down for the sovereign to kneel upon. In the mean-time, Garter summoned the knights from their stalls, beginning with the junior; each knight making his reverence in his stall, and repeating the same with his companion, in the choir, retired under his banner. All the knights standing thus under their banners, and the prelate at the altar to receive the offerings, the sovereign, making his reverence to the altar, descended from his stall; and then making another reverence to the middle of the choir; proceded to the offering in the following order:

The Chancellor.

and making another reverence, he kneeled, and offered gold and silver into the bason; and, returning in the same order, went into his stall, where he made his reverences, and sat down. Then two Officers of Arms attended the two next Knights in seniority, being companions; who offered in like manner, and so on, till all the Knights and the Proxy, either singly or in pairs, had offered, and ascended into their Stalls. The Provincial Kings of Arms attended those Knights who were of the Blood Royal; and the senior Heralds in rotation, the other Knights Companions.

Divine service being ended, the Prelate was conducted to his seat by the Verger of St. George's chapel.

The origin of this order is variously related by historians. The common account is, that the countess of Salisbury happening at a ball to drop her garter, the king took it up and presented it to her with these words, Honi soit qui mal y pense,' i. e. evil to him that evil thinks. In the original statutes, however, there is not the least hint of allusion to such a circumstance, farther than is conveyed in the motto. Camden, Fern, &c., take the order to have been instituted on occasion of the victory obtained by Edward over the French, at the battle of Cressy. That prince, say some historians, ordered his garter to be displayed, as a signal of battle; in commemoration of which he made a garter the principal ornament of the order erected in memory of this signal victory, and a symbol of the indissoluble union of the knights. And they account for the motto, that king Edward, having laid claim to the kingdom of France, denounced shame and defiance upon him that should dare to think amiss of the just enterprise he had undertaken for recovering his lawful right to that crown; and that

THE SOVEREIGN.

His Majesty's Train, borne as before. The senior Knight, not of the Blood Royal, being the Knight appointed to deliver the offering to the Sovereign, made his reverence as the procession passed; and thereupon, placed himself a little behind his Majesty, on the right side. The Sovereign, coming to the rails of the altar, made a reverence; when Deputy Black Rod, on his knee, delivered the offering to the Knight, who delivered it to the Sovereign; and his Majesty, taking off his cap and feathers, put the offering into the basin, held by the Prelate, assisted by the Prebends. The Sovereign rising, made his reverence to the altar; and, retiring, made another in the middle of the choir; and, when in his stall, another, all the attendants turning as his Majesty did, and making their reverences at the same time. The Knight, who delivered the offering, retired under his banner, when the procession came opposite the same.

All the Knights standing under their banners, the Provincial Kings of Arms joined with usual reverences, and went to his Royal Higness the prince of Wales; who, in the middle of the choir, made his double reverence, viz., first to the altar, then to the Sovereign, and was conducted to the altar; where, taking off his cap,

ed into this order was such as would enable him to maintain the quarrel against those that thought ill of it. This interpretation, however appears to be rather forced. A still more ancient origin of this order is given in Rastel's Chronicle, lib. vi. quoted by Granger, in the supplement to his Biographical History: viz. that it was devised by Richard I. at the siege of Acre, when he caused twenty-six knights, who firmly stood by him, to wear thongs of blue leather about their legs; and that it was revived and perfected in the nineteenth year of Edward III.

Degradation of a Knight Companion.--The degradation of a knight companion, according to the second article of king Henry VIIIth's statutes, is to be inflicted on all those who shall be found guilty of heresy, treason, or flying from battle.

When a knight companion is found guilty of any of these offences, and is in the dominions of the sovereign, he is usually degraded at the ensuing chapter; and, the sovereign having acquainted the knights companions with his intention to have the ceremony performed, he commands Garter to attend such of them as are appointed to go to the convict knight, who in a solemn manner, first take from him his George and riband, and then his garter. And at the following feast of St. George (or sooner, if the sovereign appoint) publication of his crimes and

degradation is made by Garter, and a warrant issued out to him for taking down the achievements of the knight, which is performed as follows:

First, Garter, in his coat of arms, usually before morning prayer, standing in the middle of the choir in St. George's chapel, the officers of arms standing about him, and the Black Rod also present, reads aloud the instrument for publishing the knight's degradation. This being read, the deputed herald being placed on the back of the stall of the convict knight, when Garter pronounces these words: 'Be expelled and put from among the arms, &c.' takes his crest, and violently casts it down into the choir, and afterwards his banner and sword; and, when the publication is read out, all the officers at arms spurn the achievements out of the choir into the body of the church, first the sword, secondly, the banner, and lastly the crest; so on, out of the west door, thence through the castle-gate, whence they are thrown into the castle ditch.

At a chapter held 32d Henry VIII., it was determined, that wheresoever the actions and names of such offenders should be found in the books of the order, these words, 'Vah Proditor,' should be written in the margin, as a mark of ignominy, by which means the registers would be preserved fair, and not defaced by erasements.

The last knight who was thus degraded, was the duke of Ormond, anno 1, George I., for acting in concert with the French general.

GARTER PRINCIPAL KING AT ARMS. This office was instituted by Henry V. Garter, and principal king at arms, are two distinct offices united in one person: garter's employment is to attend the service of the order of the garter; for which he is allowed a mantle and badge, a house in Windsor Castle, and pensions both from the sovereign and knights, besides fees. He also carries the rod and sceptre at every feast of St. George, when the sovereign is present, and notifies the election of such as are newly chosen; attends the solemnity of their installations, and funerals; takes care of placing their arms over their seats; and carries the garter to foreign kings and princes: for which service it has been usual to join him in commission with some peer, or other person of distinction. Garter's oath relates only to services being performed within the order, and is taken in chapter before the sovereign and knights. His oath as king at arms is taken before the earl marshal.

GARTH or GIRTH, from gird. See GIRTH. GARTH (Sir Samuel), an English poet and physician, descended from a good family in Yorkshire. He studied at Cambridge, where he took the degree of M. D. in 1691, and was admitted into the college of physicians at London in 1693. He zealously promoted the erecting of the dispensary for the relief of the sick poor. This having exposed him to the resentment of others of the faculty, he ridiculed them, with peculiar spirit and vivacity, in a poem called the Dispensary, in six cantos, highly esteemed. He was one of the most eminent members of the Kit-Kat Club. Upon the accession of George I. Dr. Garth was knighted, and made physician to his majest and the army. He had then gone

through the office of censor of the college in 1702; and had a very extensive practice. One of his last performances was his translation of the fourteenth book, and the story of Cippus in the fifteenth of Ovid's Metamorphoses. These were published in 1717. He died in January, 1718-19.

GARTMORN DAM, an artificial lake in Clackmannanshire, formed about the beginning of the eighteenth century, for the use of the Alloa coal-works. When full it covers 162 English acres. The head is faced with rough hewn stone, and measures 320 yards. It has a sluice, which regulates the quantity of water to be conveyed into a lade, which first drives a mill for chipping wood and dye stuffs, next a lintmill; then it is conveyed into pipes forcing it up to two engines, that draw up the water and the coals from the pits; after which it is collected into a smaller dam, and conveyed thence, in a lade, to a set of mills in Alloa for grinding wheat, oats, malt, and barley; which are capable of grinding 400 bolls, or 250 quarters, in a day. There are two large wheels, nineteen feet diameter, in the centre of the house, which drive the whole machinery in both ends of the mills. From these mills, the water falls into a rivulet, that runs through Alloa, drives a snuff and fulling mill, and, passing through some pleasure grounds, comes near the harbour, where it is again confined by a strong dam of earth, a large sluice, and a long trough, both of stone; which gives it a considerable velocity for clearing the harbour; so that this little water, originally a branch of the Black Devon, is made to serve the most important purposes, by driving seven mills besides cleaning the harbour.

GARVE (Christian), an eminent German philosopher and public writer, was born on the 7th of January, 1742, at Breslau, where his father was a lyer. He studied at the universities of Frankfort, Halle, and Leipsic; at which last place he obtained a professorship, but was soon compelled to resign it on account of bad health. He now returned to his native town, where he continued to spend the remainder of his life. In his last years he suffered much from a painful disease, which he endured with great fortitude. He died at Breslau on the 1st of December, 1798. The celebrated Kant paid him the compliment of saying that 'Garve was a true philosopher, in the legitimate acceptation of the word.'

Garve invented no system of his own, nor did he attach himself to the tenets of any one master. He belonged to that class of philosophers who, without adopting any particular theory, take an impartial view of all systems of doctrine, and seek truth wherever it is to be found. The just and rational view which he inculcated on the subject of our moral and social duties, entitle him to the praise of a genuine practical philosopher. The history of philosophy is indebted to him for several new and ingenious illustrations: and he has left us a faithful though rapid sketch of the ancient and modern doctrines respecting the fundamental principles of moral philosophy. His literary essays display a refined taste, and a genius at once elegant and philosophical. His

style is uniformly simple, perspicuous, and

correct.

His principal works are, 1. Dissertatio de Nonnullis quæ Pertinent ad Logicam Probabilium, 1766, 4to. 2. Dissertatio de Ratione Scribendi Historiam Philosophicam. 3. A prize essay, in German, on the Inclinations, which was crowned by the Royal Academy of Berlin, 1769, 4to. 4. Progr. Legendorum Philosophorum Nonnulla et Exemplum, 1770, 4to. 5. Remarks on the Character and Writings of Gellert, 1770, 8vo, in German. 6. A Dissertation(in German) on the union of morals and politics, Breslau, 1788, 8vo.; also translated into French. 7. Essays (in German) on various subjects in literature, morals, and social life. 8. A sketch (in German) of the most remarkable principles of moral philosophy, from the time of Aristotle to the present day, &c., was first prefixed to his translation of Aristotle's Ethics, and afterwards printed separately; Breslau, 1798, 8vo. 9. Some observations on the most general principles of morals, in German, ibid. 1798, 8vo. Besides these works Garve wrote a number of literary essays. He also translated into German a variety of English works. Garve's Correspondence was published at Breslau, in 2 vols. 8vo.

GARUM, in ancient cookery and medicine, is a common term for a kind of pickle, in which fish had been preserved. The principal kind of fish thus preserved was the mackerel; and the garum principally consisted of the juices of the fish and salt. We find the old writers speaking of several kinds of it: one they call Spanish garum, from the place whence they had it; another kind, from its color, was termed the black garum: this last kind seems to have been that called fæcosum by the Latin poets, as if the fæces and remains of the fish were left among it; and by others garum sanguineum, from its being sometimes tinged with their blood to a reddish color. The Romans sometimes called the Spanish kind, which was esteemed the best, garum sociorum; and Galen says that the black garum was called oxyporum; but he only means by this, that it was used in the preparations called oxypora. It served to dilute them, and thence took the name of them to itself, by way of distinction from the Spanish, and other kinds, not used for this purpose. Pliny tells us that garum was com

posed of all the offals of fish, of every kind, macerated in salt; it had its name, he says, from its being originally made of a fish, called by the Greeks garos; but in his time the best seems to have been made with the mackerel ; but that there were several other kinds used both in food and medicine, some of which must have been made from scarce fish, for they were of great price. They were used in glysters, and externally applied in several kinds of cutaneous eruptions: the ancients had a great opinion of them in glysters, for removing the pain in the sciatica, and other like cases; and the coarser sorts were their common medicine for curing cattle of the scab, by making incisions in the skin, and laying over the part cloths wetted with them. Strabo, lib. iii. 109; Plin. lib. xxxi. cap. 8. The exact way in which the ancients prepared their garum, which they so much valued as a delicacy at their tables, is unknown to us; but it appears that some kinds of garum had no fishy matter in them, from Aetius, who gives the following prescription of a liquor, which he calls by this name:-take of common water thirty-one pints, of sea-salt two pints, and of dried figs fifty; let these all macerate together, and afterwards be strained clear for use. All the garums were esteemed hot and drying by the ancients, and were sometimes given as laxatives before food. The modern writers understand the word garum in a much more limited sense, meaning no more by it than the brine or pickle in which herrings or anchovies are preserved.

GARUMNA, a navigable river of Gaul, which, rising from the Pyrenees, anciently bounded Aquitain on the north; but, by a regulation of Augustus, divided it in the middle: running to the north of Burdegala, into the Aquitanic Ocean. It is now called Garonne. Mela observes, that unless it is swelled by winter rains, or the melting of the snow, it is for a great part of the year shoaly and scarcely navigable; but, when increased by the meeting tide, by which its waters are repelled, it is somewhat fuller, and the farther the river advances, it is broader, till at length it resembles an extensive frith; not only bearing large vessels, but swelling like a raging sea, and tossing them extremely, especially if the direction of the wind be one way and that of the current another.

J. Haddou, Printer, Finsbury.