in forming the arches. Each pillar of the porticoes or arches ought to be four feet distant from one another, and the gallery twelve feet high, and twenty feet wide, that there may be room for two or three persons to walk abreast. When the hornbeams are grown to the height of three feet, the distance of the pillars well regulated, and the ground-work of the gallery finished, the next thing to be done is to form the frontispiece; to perform which, you must stop the hornbeam between two pillars for that purpose, which forms the arch. As it grows, cut off those boughs which outshoot the others. In time they will grow strong, and may be kept in form by the shears. Portico galleries may be covered with lime-trees.

GALLERY, in a ship, is a frame, made in the form of a balcony, at the stern of a ship, without board; into which there is a passage out of the admiral's or captain's cabin.

GALLERY, in fortification, a covered walk across the ditch of a town, made of strong beams, covered with planks, and loaded with earth; sometimes it is covered with raw hides, to defend it from the artificial fires of the besieged.

GALLERY OF A MINE is a narrow passage, or branch of a mine, carried on under ground to a work designed to be blown up. See MINE. GALLÉTYLE, n. s. This word has the same import as gallipot; a fine painted tile.

Make a compound body of glass and galletyle; that is, to have the colour milky like a chalcedon, being a stuff between a porcellane and a glass.

Bacon's Physical Rem.

GALLEY, n. s. Ital. galea; Fr. galere; old Fr. guloie, galee; barb. Gr. yaλaia. Derived according to some from galea, a helmet, pictured formerly on the prow of a vessel, according to others from yaxsTng, the sword fish, or from galleon, expressing in Syriac men exposed to the sea. Heb., a wave, Minsheu. This word is the root of galleass, gallion, galliot; it has two general acceptations; a vessel driven with oars, much in use in the Mediterranean; and thus considered as a place of punishment, be

cause criminals are condemned to row in them.

In the ages following, navigation did every where greatly decay, by the use of gallies, and such vessels as could hardly brook the ocean.

Bacon.

Jason ranged the coasts of Asia the Less in an open boat or kind of galley. Raleigh's History.

On oozy ground his gallies moor; Their heads are turned to sea, their sterns to shore. Dryden.

The most voluptuous person, were he tied to follow his hawks and his hounds, his dice and his courtships every day, would find it the greatest torment that

could befal him he would fly to the mines and the gullies for his recreation, and to the spade and the

mattock for a diversion from the misery of a continual uninterrupted pleasure. South.

In Coron's Bay floats many a galley light. Byron. Corsair. GALLEY-SLAVE, n. s. Galley and slave. A person condemned for some crime to row in the galleys.

As if one chain were not sufficient to load poor men, he must be clogged with innumerable chains: this is just such another freedom as the Turkish galley-slaves do enjoy.

Bramhall

The surges gently dash against the shore, Flocks quit the plains, and galley-slaves their oar.

Garth.

Hardened galley-slaves despise manumission.
Decay of Piety.

with one deck, and navigated with sails and oars
GALLEYS are low flat-Luilt vessels, furnished
The largest sort were those employed by the
Venetians. They were commonly 162 feet long
above, and 133 feet by the keel: thirty-two feet
wide, with twenty-three feet length of stern-post.
thirty-two banks of oars; every bank containing
They were furnished with three masts, and
two oars, and every oar being managed by six
or seven slaves, usually chained thereto. In the
fore
of which the lowest consisted of two thirty-six-
part they had three little batteries of cannon,
pounders, the second of two twenty-four-pound-
ers, and the uppermost of two two-pounders;
each quarter. The complement of men for one
three eighteen-pounders being also planted on
of these galleys was 1000 or 1200; and they
were esteemed very convenient for bombarding
drawing but little water; and, having by their
or making a descent upon an enemy's coast, as
oars frequently the advantage of a ship of war,
in light winds or calms, by cannonading the
latter near the surface of the water, or by scour-
ing her whole length with their shot, and at the
same time keeping on her quarter or bow, so as
to be out of the direction of her cannon.
galleys next in size to these, which are also
called half-galleys, are from 120 to 130 feet long,
eighteen feet broad, and nine or ten feet deep.
They have two masts, which may be struck at
pleasure; and are furnished with two large lat-
teen sails, and five pieces of cannon. They have
A size
commonly twenty-five banks of oars.
still less than these are called quarter-galleys,
carrying from twelve to sixteen banks of oars.
They generally keep close under the shore, but
sometimes venture out to sea to perform a sum-

mer cruise.

The

the coast of Cork, on the extremity of which GALLEY-HEAD, a promontory of Ireland, on

stands Dundede Castle. This is sometimes fatally mistaken by sailors, for the Old Head of Kinsale, when the light of the latter is not seen. It lies eighteen miles S.S.W. of Bandon Bridge. GALLEY WORM, in zoology. See IULUS. GALL-FLY, in entomology. See CYNIPS. GALLI, in antiquity, a name given to the priests of Cybele, from the river Gallus, in Phrygia; but of the etymology of the name we have no certain account. These priests had the names also of Curetes, Corybantes, and Dactyli. The chief priest was called Archi-Gallus. This order of priesthood is found both among the

Greeks and Romans.

GALLI. See GALLIA and GAULS.

GALLI, five small desolate islands on the coast of the Principato Citra of Naples. They are supposed to be the Syrenusæ, or islands once inhabited by the Syrens, which Ulysses passed with so much caution and hazard. Great revolutions, however, have been occasioned in their shape, size, and number, by the effects of subterranean fire; and some learned persons go so

far as to assert, that these rocks have risen from the bottom of the sea since Homer's time; consequently, that those monsters dwelt on some other spot, probably Sicily or Capri. The tradition of Syrens residing hereabouts is very ancient, and universally admitted; but what they really were, divested of their fabulous and poetical disguise, is not easy to discover. See SYREN. The Syrenusæ were only three in number; and, therefore, if these and the Galli be the same, two more must have since risen, or the three have been split into five by a subterraneous convulsion. On the largest is a watch-tower, and the next has a deserted hermitage. The principal island is only a narrow semicircular ridge, covered with a shallow coat of soil; two other little islands, and some jagged rocks just peeping above the waves, correspond with this one so as to trace the outline of a volcanic crater. The composition of them all is, at top, a calcareous rock, extremely shaken, tumbled, and confused, mixed with masses of breccia, disposed in a most irregular manner; below these is lava, and the deeper the eye follows it, the stronger are the marks of fire: below the surface of the water, and in some places above it, the layers are complete blocks of basaltes. Hence, we may presume, that central fires have heaved up to light the torrified substances that originally lay near their focus, with all the intermediate strata that covered them from the sea. The layers incline downwards from east to west; the air seems to have forced its way into part of the mass while in fusion, and, by checking its workings, caused many arge caverns to be left in it. These islands are uncultivated and uninhabited since the old hermit of St. Antonio died. Myrtle covers most of the surface.

GALLIA, in ancient geography, a large country of Europe, called Galatia by the Greeks. The inhabitants were called Galli, Celta, Celtiberi, and Celtoscythæ. Ancient Gaul was divided into four different parts by the Romans, called Gallia Belgica, Narbonensis, Aquitanica, and Celtica; though Julius Cæsar divides it only into three. Besides these grand divisions, there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpina, or Citerior, and Transalpina, or Ulterior, which last comprehended the whole of Gaul, properly so called, as possessed by the ancient Gauls. The original inhabitants were descended from the Celtes, or Gomerians, by whom the greatest part of Europe was peopled; the name of Galli, or Gauls, being probably given them long after their settlement in that country. They were anciently divided into a great number of different nations, who were continually at war with one another, and at variance among themselves. Cæsar tells us, that not only all their cities, cantons, and districts, but almost all their families, were divided and torn by factions; and this, undoubtedly, facilitated the conquest of the whole. The general character of all these people was an excessive love of liberty, even to ferocity. This they carried to such an extreme, that on the appearance of incapacity of action through old age, wounds, or chronic diseases, they put an end to their lives, or prevailed upon their friends to kill them. In cities, when they found themselves so straitly besieged that they could hold

out no longer, instead of thinking how to obtain honorable terms of capitulation, their chief care, very often, was to put their wives and children to death, and then to kill one another, to avoid being led into slavery. Their contempt of death, according to Strabo, very much facilitated their conquest by Cæsar; for, pouring their numerous forces upon such an experienced enemy as Cæsar, their want of conduct very soon proved the ruin of the whole. Their chief diversion was hunting; and indeed considering the vast forests with which their country abounded, and the multitude of wild beasts which lodged in them, they were under an absolute necessity to hunt and destroy them, to prevent the country from being rendered totally uninhabitable for man. The ancient history of the Gauls is entirely wrapped up in obscurity and darkness; all we know concerning them for a long time is, that they multiplied so fast, that their country being unable to contain them, they poured forth in vast multitudes into other countries, which they often subdued, and in which they then settled. It often happened, however, that these colonies were so molested by their neighbours, that they were obliged to send for assistance to the mother country. The Gauls were always ready to send forth great numbers of new adventurers; and, as these spread desolation wherever they came, the very name of Gauls proved terrible to most of the neighbouring nations. The earliest excursion of these people, of which we have any distinct account, was into Italy, under a famed leader, named Bellovesus, about A. A. C. 622. He crossed the Rhone and the Alps, till then unattempted, defeated the Hetrurians, and seized upon that part of the country, since known by the names of Lombardy and Piedmont. The second grand expedition was made by the Cenomani, a people dwelling between the Seine and the Loire, under a general, named Elitonis. They settled in those parts of Italy, since known by the names of Bresciano, Cremonese, Mantuan, Carniola, and Venetia. In a third excursion, two other Gaulish nations settled on both sides of the Po; and in a fourth the Boii and Lingones settled in the country between Ravenna and Bologna. The time of these last three expeditions is uncertain. The fifth expedition of the Gauls was more remarkable than any of the former, and happened about 200 years after that of Bellovesus. The Senones, settled between Paris and Meaux, were invited into Italy by an Etrurian lord, and settled themselves in Umbria. Brennus, their king, laid siege to Clusium, a city in alliance with Rome; and this produced a war with the Romans, in which the latter were at first defeated, and their city taken and burnt; but at length the whole army of the Gauls was cut off by Camillus, insomuch that not a single person escaped. See ROME. The Gauls after this undertook some other expeditions against the Romans; in which, though they always finally proved unsuccessful, by reason of their want of military discipline, yet their fierceness and courage made them so formidable to the republic, that, on the first news of their march, extraordinary levies of troops were made, and sacrifices and public supplications offered to the gods. Against the Greeks, the

expeditions of the Gauls were very little more successful than against the Romans. The first of these we hear of was about A. A. C. 279, the year after Pyrrhus had invaded Italy. At this time the Gauls, finding themselves greatly overstocked with inhabitants at home, sent out three great colonies to conquer new countries. One of these armies was commanded by Brennus, another by Cerethrius, and the third by Belgius. The first entered Pannonia, or Hungary; the second Thrace; and the third marched into Illyricum and Macedonia. Here Belgius at first met with great success; and enriched himself by plunder to such a degree, that Brennus, envying him, resolved to enter the same countries, in order to share the spoil. In a short time, however, Belgius met with such a total defeat, that his army was almost entirely destroyed; upon which Brennus hastened to the same place. His army at first consisted of 150,000 foot and 15,000 horse: but two of his principal officers revolted, and carried off 20,000 men, with whom they marched into Thrace; where, having joined Cerethrius, they seized on Byzantium, and the western coast of Propontis, making the adjacent parts tributary to them. To retrieve this loss, Brennus sent for fresh supplies from Gaul, and having increased his army to 150,000 foot, and upwards of 60,000 horse, he entered Macedonia, defeated the general who opposed him, and ravaged the whole country. He next marched towards the straits of Thermopylæ, to invade Greece, but was stopped by the forces sent to defend that pass against him. He passed the mountains, however, as Xerxes had formerly done; upon which the guards retired, to avoid being surrounded. Brennus then having ordered Acichorius, the next to him in command, to follow at a distance with part of his army, marched with the, bulk of the forces to Delphi, in order to plunder the rich temple there. This enterprise proved very unfortunate a great number of his men were destroyed by a dreadful storm of hail, thunder, and lightning; another part of his army was destroyed by an earthquake; and the remainder, imagining themselves attacked by the enemy, fought against each other the whole night, so that in the morning scarcely one-half of them remained. The Greek forces then poured in upon them from all parts, and that in such numbers, that though Acichorius came up in due time with his forces, Brennus found himself unable to make head against the Greeks, and was defeated with great slaughter. He himself was desperately wounded, and so disheartened by his misfortunes, that, having assembled all his chiefs, he advised them to kill all the wounded and disabled, and to make the best retreat they could; after which he put an end to his own life. On this occasion it is said, that 20,000 of these unhappy people were executed by their own countrymen. Acichorius then set out with the remainder for Gaul; but, being obliged to march through the country of their enemies, the calamities they met with in the way were so grievous, that not one of them reached their own country: a just judgment, say the Greek and Roman authors, for their sacrilegious intentions against Delphi. The Romans, having often felt the effects of the Gaulish ferocity and courage, thought proper at

last, in order to humble them, to invade their country. Their first successful attempt was about A. A. Č. 118, under Quintus Marcius Rex. He opened a way betwixt the Alps and the Pyrenees, which laid the foundation for conquering the whole country. This was a work of immense labor of itself, and rendered still more difficult by the opposition of the Gauls, especially those called the Stæni, who lived at the foot of the Alps. These people at last, finding themselves overpowered by the Romans, set fire to their houses, killed their wives and children, and then threw themselves into the flames. After this Marcius built Narbonne, which became the capital of a province.

Scaurus, the successor of Marcius, also conquered some Gaulish nations; and, to facilitate the sending troops from Italy into that country, he made several excellent roads between them, which before were almost impassable. These successes gave rise to the invasion of the Cimbri and Teutones. From this time the Gauls ceased to be formidable to the Romans; at last, however, the Helvetii kindled a war with the republic, which ended in the total subjection of the country. Orgetorix had engaged a vast number of his countrymen to burn their towns and villages, and to go in search of new conquests; but Julius Cæsar, to whose lot the whole country of Gaul had fallen, made such haste to suppress them, that he reached the Rhone in eight days, broke down the bridge of Geneva, and, in five days more,finished the famed wall between that city and mount Jura, now St. Claude, which extended seventeen miles in length, was sixteen feet high, fortified with towers and castles at proper distances, and a ditch that ran the whole length of it. Whilst this was doing, and his reinforcements were coming, he amused the Helvetii, who had sent to demand a passage through the country of the Allobroges, till his troops had arrived, and then refused it to them; whereupon a dreadful battle ensued, in which they lost 130,000 men, besides a number of prisoners, among whom were the wife and daughter of Orgetorix, the leader of this unfortunate expedition. The rest submitted, and begged they might be permitted to go and settle among the

dui, from whom they originally sprung, and, at the request of these last, they were permitted to do so. The Gauls were constantly in a state of variance with one another; and Cæsar, who knew how to make the most of these intestine broils, soor became the protector of the oppressed, a terror to the oppressors, and the umpire of all their contentions. Among those who applied to him for help, were his allies the Ædui; against whom Ariovistus, king of the Germans, joined with the Averni, who inhabited the banks of the Loire, had taken the country of the Sequani from them, and obliged them to send hostages to him. Cæsar forthwith sent to demand the restitution of both, and, in an interview which he soon after obtained with that haughty and treacherous prince, had almost fallen a sacrifice to his perfidy; upon which he bent his whole power against him, forced him out of his intrencnments, and gave him a total overthrow. Ariovistus escaped, with difficulty, over the Rhine; but his two wives, and a daughter, with a great number of Germans

of distinction, fell into the conqueror's hand. Cæsar, after this signal victory, led his army into winter quarters, whilst he went over the Alps to make the necessary preparations for the next campaign. By this time the Belga were so terrified at his success, that they entered into a confederacy against the Romans as their common enemy. Of this, Labienus, who had been left, in Gaul, seut Cæsar notice, upon which he immediately left Rome, and made such despatch, that he arrived upon their confines in about fifteen days. Of his arrival, the Rhemi submitted to him; but the rest, appointing Galba king of the Suessones, general of all their forces, which amounted to 150,000 men, marched directly against him. Cæsar, who had seized on the bridge of the Axona (now Aisne), led his light horse and infantry over it; and, whilst the others were encumbered in crossing that river, made such terrible slaughter of them, that the river was filled with their dead, insomuch that their bodies served for a bridge to those who escaped. This new victory struck such terror into the rest, that they dispersed themselves; immediately after which the Suessones, Bellovaci, Ambiones, and some others, submitted to him. The Nervii, indeed, joined with the Atrebates and Veromandui against them; and, having first secured their wives and children, made a vigorous resistance for some time; but were at length defeated, and the greatest part of them slain. The rest, with their wives and old men, surrendered, and were allowed to live in their own cities and towns as formerly. The Aduatici were next subdued; and, for their treachery, were sold for slaves, to the number of 50,000. Young Crassus, the son of the triumvir, subdued also seven other nations, and took possesion of their cities; which not only completed the conquest of the Belgae, but brought several nations from beyond the Rhine to submit. The Veneti, or ancient inhabitants of Vannes in Britanny, who had been likewise obliged to send hostages to the conqueror, in the mean time made great preparations by sea and land to recover their liberty. Cæsar, then in Illyricum, equipped a fleet on the Loire, and, having given the command of it to Brutus, defeated them by land, as Brutus did by sea; and, having put their chief men to death, sold the rest for slaves. The Unelli, with Veridorix their chief, together with the Lexovii and Aulercii, were, about the same time, subdued by Sabinus, and the Aquitani by Crassus, with the loss of 30,000 men. There remained nothing but the countries of the Morini and Menapii to be conquered of all Gaul. Cæsar marched against them, but found them so well intrenched their inaccessible fortresses, that he contented himself with burning and ravaging their country; and, having led his troops into winter quarters, he again passed over the Alps. He was, however, soon after obliged to defend his Gaulish conquests against a body of Germans, who were attempting to settle there, to the number of 400,000. These he totally defeated, and then resolved to carry his conquering arms into Germany. See GER

MANY.

Upon his return into Gaul, he found it laboring under a great famine, which had caused a kind of universal revolt. Cotta and Sabinus.

who were left in the country of the Eburones, now Liege, were betrayed into an ambush by Ambiorix, one of the Gaulish chiefs, and had most of their men cut off. The Aduatici had fallen upon Q. Cicero, who was left there with one legion, and had reduced him to great straits: while Labienus, with his legion, was attacked by Indutiomarus, at the head of the Rhemi and Senones: but, by one bold sally, he put them to flight, and killed their general. Cæsar acquired no small credit by quelling all these revolts; but each victory cost so many of his troops, that he was forced to have recourse to Pompey for a fresh supply, who readily granted him two of his own legions to secure his Gaulish conquests; but the Gauls, ever restless under a foreign yoke, raised up a new revolt and obliged him to return. His fear lest Pompey should gain the affections of the Roman people, had obliged him to strip the Gauls of their gold and silver, to bribe them over to his interest; and this was no small cause of those frequent revolts which happened during his absence. He quickly, however, reduced the Nervii, Aduatici, Menapii, and Treviri; the last of whom had raised the revolt under the command of Ambiorix; but he found the flame spread much farther, even to the greatest part of the Gauls, who had chosen Vercingetorix their generalissimo. Cæsar was forced to leave Insubria, whither he had retired to watch the motions of Pompey, and, in the midst of winter, to repass the Alps into the province of Narbonne. Here he gathered his scattered troops with all possible speed, besieged and took Noviodunum, now Noyons, and defeated Vercingetorix, who was come to its relief. He next took the city of Avaricum, now Bourges, one of the strongest in Gaul, and which had a garrison of 40,000 men; of whom he made such a dreadful slaughter, that hardly 800 escaped. Whilst he was besieging Gergovia, the capital of the Arverni, he was informed that the Nitiobriges, or Agenois, were in arms, and that the Adui were sending to Vercingetorix 10,000 men, whom they were to have sent to reinforce Cæsar. Upon this news, he left Fabius to carry on the siege, and marched against the Edui. These, upon his approach, submitted in appearance, and were pardoned; but soon after that whole nation rose, and murdered all the Italian troops in their capital. Cæsar, on this, resolved to raise the siege of Gergovia, and at once attack the enemy's camp, which he did with some success; but when he thought to have gone to Noviodunum, where his baggage, military chest, &c., were left, he heard that the Edui had carried them off, and burnt the place. Labienus, justly thinking that Cæsar would need his assistance, went to join him, and, in his way, defeated a Gaulish general, named Camulogeno, who came to oppose his march: but this did not hinder the revolt from spreading all over Celtic Gaul, whither Vercingétorix had sent for fresh supplies, and, in the mean time, attacked Cæsar; but was defeated, and forced to retire to Alesia, a strong place, now called Alise. Hither Cæsar hastened, and besieged him; and, having drawn a double circumvallation, with a view to starve him, refused all offers of a surrender from him. At length, the long expected reinforcement came, consisting of