the northern conquerors introduced the tashion into Europe. We find that, about A. D. 522, when Totila, king of the Visigoths, reigned in Italy, the Suethons, or natives of Sweden, found means, by help of the commerce of numberless intervening people, to transmit, for the use of the Romans, saphilinas pelles, the skins of the sables. As luxury advanced, furs of the most valuable kinds were used by princes as linings for their tents. Marco Polo, in 1252, found those of the cham of Tartary lined with ermines and sables. He calls the last zibelines and zambolines. He says that those and other precious furs were brought from countries far north; from the land of darkness, and regions almost inaccessible by reason of morasses and ice. The Welsh set a high value on furs, as early as the time of Howel Ddha, who reigned about 940. In the next age, furs became the fashionable magnificence of Europe. When Godfrey of Boulogne, and his followers, appeared before the emperor Alexius Comnenus, on their way to the Holy Land, he was struck with the rich ness of their dresses, tam ex ostro quam aurifrigio et niveo opere harmelino et ex mardrino grisioque et vario. How different was the advance of luxury in France, from the time of their great monarch Charlemagne, who contented himself with the plain fur of the otter! King Henry I. wore furs; yet, in his dress, was obliged to change them for warm Welsh flannel. But, in 1337, luxury had obtained to such a degree, that Edward III. enacted, that all persons who could not spend £100 a-year, should be prohibited the use of this kind of finery. These, from their great expense, must have been foreign furs, obtained from the Italian commercial states, whose traffic was at this period bound less. How strange is the revolution in the furtrade! The north of Asia at that time supplied us with every valuable kind; at present, we send, by means of the possession of Hudson's Bay, furs to an immense amount, to Turkey, and even

to China.

FURA'CIOUS, adj. Lat. furar. ThieFURA CITY, n. s. vishness; disposition to steal.

FUR'BELOW, n. s. & v. a. Fr. falbala; Span. farfala; Goth. farfalla, the fold of a garment. A piece of stuff plaited and puckered together, either below or above, on the petticoats or gowns of women. This, like a great many other words, is the child of mere caprice. To adorn with ornamental appendages of dress.

A ball is a great help to discourse, and a birthday furnishes conversation for a twelvemonth after. A furbelow of precious stones, a hat buttoned with a diamond, a brocade waistcoat or petticoat, are standing

topics.

Addison.

It

may enter Mowbray's waxen coat, And furbish new the name of John o’Gaunt. Shakspeare. Richard II.

As after Numa's peaceful reign,
The martial Ancus did the sceptre wield;
Furbished the rusty sword again,

Resumed the long-forgotten shie.d,

And led the Latins to the dusty field. Dryden. Some others who furbish up and reprint his old errours, hold that the sufferings of the damned are not to be, in a strict sense, eternal; but that, after a certain period of time, there shall be a general gaoldelivery of the souls in prison, and that not a farther execution, but a final release.

South.

remarkable mountain in the central part of the FURCA, so called from its resembling a fork, a Alps, Switzerland, in the north-east corner of

the canton of Valais. It is 14,000 feet above the

level of the sea, a road passing between its two

divisions.

FURCA, in antiquity, a piece of timber resembling a fork, used by the Romans as an instrument of punishment. The punishment of the furca was of three kinds; the first only ignominious, when a master, for small offences, forced the city. The second was painful, when the party a servant to carry a furca on his shoulders about furca about his neck, and whipped all the way. was led about the circus or other place, with the The third was capital, when the malefactor, having his head fastened on the furca, was whipped

to death.

the state of shooting two ways like the blades of FURCATION, n. s. Lat. furca. Forkiness;

a fork.

first lose their brow-antlers, or lowest furcations next When stags grow old they grow less branched, and the head.

Browne.

FURETIERE (Antony), a learned French lawyer, born at Paris in 1620. He was eminent in the civil and canon law, and an advocate in the parliament. Afterwards, taking orders, he became abbot of Chalivoy, and prior of Chuines. He wrote many works, but is chiefly valued for in which he explains the terms of art in all his Universal Dictionary of the French Tongue, death. He died in 1688 sciences, and which was published after his

FU'RFUR, n. s.

Lat. Husk or chaff, scurf or dandruff, that grows upon the skin, with some likeness to bran.

Husky; branny; scaly.
FURFURACEOUS, adj. Lat. furfuraceus.

FURIA, in zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of vermes zoophyta. There is but one species, viz. the F. infernalis. It with reflexed feelers pressed to its body. In has a linear smooth body, ciliated on each side, Finland, Bothnia, and the northern provinces of Sweden, people were often seized with a pungent pain, confined to a point, in the hand, or other exposed part of the body, which presently increased to a most excruciating degree, and sometimes proved suddenly fatal. This disorder was particularly observed in Finland, especially about boggy and marshy places, and always in

Bacon.

and forges, for the trying and fining of their gold.

FURNACES, in chemistry, are instruments of most universal use; and, as the success of a great number of experiments depends upon their being well or ill constructed, it is of great importance that a laboratory be well provided in this respect. In all furnaces the principal things to be attended to, are, to confine the heat as much as possible to the matter to be operated upon; and to produce as much heat with as little fuel as possible. To answer the first intention, the fire is usually confined in a chamber or cavity built on purpose for it, and furnished with a door for putting in the fuel, and a grate for supporting it, and allow ing air to pass through, as well as the ashes to drop down into a cavity provided on purpose, and called the ash-pit. Thus the heat, produced by the inflamed fuel, is confined by the sides of the furnace, and obliged to spend great part of its force upon the subject enclosed. The second intention, which is the most important, is at the same time the most difficult to answer, and depends entirely upon the proportion between the spaces betwixt the furnace bars and the wideness and height of the chimney. This will appear from a consideration of the principles on which the degrees of inflammation are produced. These depend entirely on the current of air which passes through the inflamed fuel. As soon as the fuel is set on fire, a certain degree of heat is produced; but, unless a constant influx of air is admitted through the burning fuel, the fire is instantly extinguished; nor is it possible by any means to renew the inflammation until we admit a stream of fresh air amongst the fuel. When this is done, a rarefaction commences in the air of the fire-place of the furnace; so that it is no longer a counterpoise to the external air, and is, therefore, driven up the chimney by that which enters at the ash-pit. This again, passing through the fuel, is rarefied in its turn; and, giving place to fresh quantities, there is a constant flow of air up the chimney. In proportion to the rarefaction of the air in the fire-place, the greater is the heat. But, by a certain construction of the furnace, the under part of the chimney will become almost as strongly heated as the fireplace; by which means, though a very strong current of air is forced through the fuel, yet as great part of the heat is spent on the chimney, where it can be of no use, the fuel is wasted in a very considerable degree. To avoid this, we have no other method than to contract the throat of the chimney occasionally by a sliding plate; which, when put quite in, shuts up the whole vent; and, by being drawn out more or less, leaves a larger or smaller vent at pleasure. This plate ought to be quite drawn out till the fuel is thoroughly kindled, and the furnace well heated, so that a current of air may flow strongly through the fuel. After this, the plate is to be put in a certain length, so as just to prevent the smoke

same time that the heat, being reflected from every part of the furnace excepting that narrow passage where the smoke goes up, becomes very intense. A large quantity of fuel may be put in at once, which will consume slowly, and thus require but little attention, in comparison with those furnaces where no such precaution is used. This sliding plate may be made of cast iron in those furnaces where no great heat is excited; but in others fire-clay will be more convenient. The contrivance, however, is scarcely applicable to those furnaces where great quantities of metal are to be melted; and, accordingly, the waste of fuel there is immense. It is computed that the iron-works of Carron, in Stirlingshire, consume annually as many coals as would be sufficient for a city containing 700,000 inhabitants. In order to regulate the heat, says Dr. Black, it is necessary to have the command of the furnace below; the parts above being frequently filled with small quantities of soot. The best method of managing this is to shut up the door of the ash-hole perfectly close, and to have a set of round holes, bearing a certain proportion to one another; and their areas being as 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, &c. Seven or eight of these ought to be made in the door of the ash-pit, which will give a sufficient command over the fire. When the fire is to be increased to the utmost, all the passages both above and below are to be thrown open, and the height of the vent augmented; which, by increasing the height of the column of rarefied air, increases also the motion of that through the fuel, and of consequence also the heat of the furnace. Macquer recommends another tube applied to the ash-pit, widest at the end farthest from the furnace, and tapering gradually towards it. The intention of this is to augment the current and velocity of the air, by its being made to pass from a wider into a narrower vent; but, though this is no doubt true, the air will not ultimately move with greater velocity than if the tube were not there. It can only be useful, therefore, in cases where the furnace is placed in a small room, and the tube itself has a communication with the external air. See CHEMISTRY and LABORATORY.

FURNEAUX (Philip), D. D., an able nonconformist divine of the eighteenth century, 'was born in 1726, at Totnes in Devonshire. Being designed for the ministry, he was sent to London for his academical studies; and, on becoming a preacher, was chosen assistant to Mr. Henry Read, pastor of a presbyterian congregation in St. Thomas's, Southwark. He afterwards became one of the Sunday evening lecturers at Salters' Hall. In 1753 he succeeded the Rev. Moses Lowman, as pastor of the congregation of Clapham. Dr. Furneaux continued a popular preacher for upwards of twenty-three years, but was attacked, in 1777, by a malady which ended in mental derangement, from which he never recovered. He died in 1783. His principal works -Letters to the honorable Mr. Justice Blackstone, concerning his Exposition of the Act of

are

Toleration, and some Positions relating to Religious Liberty, in his celebrated Commentaries on the Laws of England; and Essays on Toleration, 8vo., 1788.

FURNEAUX, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, first discovered by Bougainville, and afterwards by captain Cook. It is surrounded by a coral bank, and produces cocoa-nut trees. A large lagoon of sea water occupies the interior. Long. 143° 10′ W., lat. 17° 11′ S.

FURNEAUX ISLANDS is a cluster of islands, of unknown number, in Bass Strait, between Van Diemen's Land and New Holland. The principal are-Great Island, upwards of forty miles in length, Cape Barren Island, Clarke's, and Preservation Island. The lower parts of them are sandy and swampy; but the basis of most of them is a white granite. All are overrun with brushwood, and have a few stunted trees, which never exceed the height of twelve feet. Vegetables in general are scanty; and, as if the soil itself were unfit for vegetation, in a certain spot of Preservation Island the trees have undergone a petrifaction towards the roots. Two species of seals are found here, and invite the temporary abode of those engaged in the fishery, otherwise these islands are uninhabited. Here are also the kangaroo, wombat, duck-billed ant-eater, and snakes of different species with venomous fangs. The sheer water, or sooty peterel, appears in innumerable flocks, and burrows in the ground. As well as the navigation being here very difficult, the water is bad. Furneaux Islands were first visited by Bass and Flinders, in

1798.

FURNES, a town of West Flanders, near the sea, on a canal which extends from Bruges to Dunkirk. It is a neat town, and has an elegant town-house. It was taken by the French in May 1793, and soon after evacuated; but was again taken by general Pichegru in May 1794. The air, once unhealthy on account of the neighbourhood of marshes, is much improved since they were drained. It has a brisk trade in corn, hops, butter, and cheese. Population 3200. Fifteen miles south-west of Ostend, and twenty N. N. W. of Ypres.

FURNISH, v. a.

Fr. fournir; It. fournir. FURʼNISHER, n. s. To supply with what is FURNITURE, N. s.. necessary to a certain purpose. Furniture is generally that which is supplied; but now the specific term for goods in a house whether for use or ornament; a furnisher is the agent who grants or procures supplies. Upon a day as on their way they went, It chaunst some furniture about her steed To be disordered by some accident.

Spenser. Faerie Qeeene.
Young Clarion, with vauntful lustyhed,
After his guise did cast abroad to fare,
And thereto 'gan his furnitures prepare.

Spenser.

The duke is coming: see the barge be ready,
And fit it with such furniture as suits
The greatness of his person.

Shakspeare. Henry VIII.
She hath directed

Shakspeare.

Plato entertained some of his friends at dinner, and had in the chamber a bed or couch, neatly and costly furnished. Diogenes came in, and got up upon the bed, and trampled it, saying, I trample upon the pride of Plato. Plato mildly answered, but with greater pride, Diogenes. Bacon's Apophthegms.

First thou madest the great house of the world, and furnishedst it: then thou broughtest in thy tenant to possess it, Bp. Hall. By a general conflagration mankind shall be destroyed, with the form and all the furniture of the

earth.

Tillotson.

Here wealth had done its utmost to encumber

With furniture an exquisite apartment,
Which puzzled nature much to know what art meant,
Byron. Don Juan.

'Tis said that persons living on annuities
Are longer lived than others,
So true it is,

That some I really think, do never die;
Of any
creditors the worst a Jew is,
And that's their mode of furnishing supply;
In my young days they lent me cash that way,
Which I found very troublesome to pay.
Id.

FURROW, n. s. & v. a. Sax. Fuɲh, fýɲian; Dan. furc; Belg. voore. Any long trench or hollow; particularly a small trench made by the plough for the reception of seed. The verb signifies to cut in furrows; to divide in long hollows; to make by cutting.

But eft when ye count you freed from feare, Comes the breme Winter with chamfred browes, Full of wrinkles and frosty furrowes, Drerily shooting his stormie darte, Which curdles the bloud and pricks the harte. Spenser. The Shepheard's Calendar With greedy force each other doth assayle, And strike so fiercely that they do impresse Depe dinted furrowes in the battred mayle.

Id. Faerie Queene, There go the ships that furrow out their way; Yea, there of whales enormous sights we see.

Wotton.

How I shall take her from her father's bouse; What gold and jewels she is furnished with.

Two such I saw, what time the labored ox, In his loose traces from the furrow came, And the swinkt hedger at his supper sat.

Id. Comus,

Shakspeare.

The billows fail, while Neptune lays his mace On the rough sea, and smooths its furrowed face.

Dryden. Then ploughs for seed the fruitfu furrows broke, And oxen laboured first beneath the yoke.

Id.

My lord it is, though time has ploughed that face With many furrows since I saw it first;

Yet I'm too well acquainted with the ground quite to forget it. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.

Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield;

Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke; How jocund did they drive their teams afield!

How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke. Gray's Elegy. Furrow and weed. A

FURROW-WEED, n. s. weed that grows in furrowed land. Crowned with rank fumiter, and furrow-weeds. Shakspeare. FURRUCKABAD, a district of the province of Agra, Hindostan, between the rivers Ganges and Jumna, or between the twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth degrees of northern latitude. It formerly belonged to Canouge; but, in the early part of the last century, was assigned to an Afghan chief named Mohammed Khan Bungush, whose descendants became independent, and were frequently engaged in war with the nabobs of Oude; but at length became tributary to that power. The British, in the year 1801, took the nabob of Furruckabad under their protection; when the state of the country was found very wretched. He shortly after agreed to make it over, with all the civil and military jurisdiction, for an annual pension of 180,000 rupees. Since that period it has improved ; and is managed by a judge, collector, &c., subject to the circuit court of Bareilly.

FURRUCKABAD, a fortified town of Hindostan, capital of the above district, is situated about a mile from the western bank of the Ganges, and contains a small citadel and the former palace of the nabob. To preserve his dignity, the

It

British authorities reside in the suburbs. carries on an advantageous trade with Cashmeer. The inhabitants are Hindoos and Mahommedans in nearly equal proportions. They are said to be handsome and brave, but not of very exemplary character. Under the walls of this place ford Lake, in 1804, after several days' pursuit, came up with and totally defeated the Mahratta

chief Holkar.

FURSTENBERG, or FURSTENBURG, a late principality of Suabia, which was partitioned among different powers by the treaty of the Con

federation of the Rhine. It was erected in the thirteenth century, and divided into several branches the brothers and other children were called landgraves. The estate gave six voices in the assemblies of the circle, and a seat on the bench of princes at the diet of the empire. It now chiefly belongs to Baden. The whole contains about 860 square miles, and 83,000 inhabitants. It is in general a mountainous and woody district; but has good pastures. are also mines of iron and copper: the chief manufactures are straw hats, and time-pieces in wood, brass, or iron. The inhabitants are chiefly Catholics. A branch, of the old family of Furstenberg, we believe the Stuklingen, has its resi

Here

dence at Donau Eschingen. The town of Furstenberg is an insignificant place, fourteen miles N. N. W. of Schaffhausen, and remarkable for nothing but a ruined castle, the original seat of this family.

FURSTENBERG is also the name of other towns of Germany, viz. 1. In Lusatia on the Oder, taken by the Prussians in 1745, thirteen miles south of Frankfort; 2. One in the duchy of Mecklenburg, on the Havel, ten miles south-east of Strelitz, containing about 1800 inhabitants; 3. Another in the county of Waldeck, ten miles west of Waldeck.

FURSTENWALD, a well built town of the Middle Mark of Brandenburgh, on the Spree. It has manufactures of woollen stuffs; and is a place of some antiquity, having been taken in 1631 by the Swedes. In 1633 it was burned by the imperialists. Population 2350. Twenty-six miles east of Berlin, and twenty west of Frankfort on the Oder.

FURTADO (Abraham), a modern French Jew of some celebrity, was born in 1759, and became one of the leading members of the Parisian Sanhedrim convoked by Buonaparte. He is said to have possessed considerable eloquence, and

was the author of a Poetical Version of the Book of Job; Political Harmonics, 4 vols.; a Translation of Lucretius, &c.

FURTH, a considerable manufacturing town of Franconia, subject to Bavaria, four miles west of Nuremberg. It is situated near the junction of the Rednitz and Pegnitz. It is entirely indebted for its increase to the liberality of its civil management. Artisans who are unable to obtain admission at Nuremberg settle without difficulty here: glass of all kinds, but in particular large mirrors, are made. There is also a number of watch-makers, gold-beaters, joiners, saddlers, stocking-weavers, &c.; and the total population amounts to nearly 13,000; of which the Jews form 2700: they have a separate spiritual and temporal jurisdiction; their judge being a rabbi, from whom there is an appeal to the other magistrates.

FURTHER, adj. & adv. From forth, not FURTHERMORE, adv. from far, as is comFURTHEST, adj. monly imagined; forth, further, furthest, corrupted from forthet, forthest; Sax. Fonden. Forther is used by Sir Thomas More. See FORTH and FARTHER. It signifies at a greater distance; beyond this: and it has, in some sort, the force of a substantive in the phrase no further for nothing further.

And the angel of the Lord went further, and stood in a narrow place. Num3, xxii. 2. Than furthermore I went as I wos lad: And there I sawe withouten any faile A chaice yset with ful riche aparaile.

Chaucer. The Assemblie of Ladies. Conquerours or tyrantes maker, ful oft thralles And, furthermore, understond wel, that thise Of hem that ben borne of as royal blood as ben They that hem conqueren. Id. The Persones Tale. Upon that famous river's further shore, There stood a snowie swan of heavenly hiew And gentle kinde, as ever fowle afore A fairer one in all the goodly criew: Of white Strimonian brood might no man view