frontiers; but the foreign troops entered on all sides. While the west, where an insurrection had with much difficulty been excited, and the south, aided by the king of Spain, were yielding to the discipline of a few regiments, and to the power of patriotic confederations, Napoleon at Waterloo lost his throne in a moment. Paris, where Fouché still was, capitulated; the representatives who, at the call of la Fayette, had renewed the declaration of rights, and enacted even at the cannon's mouth a free constitution, separated. Napoleon abdicating a second time, went to deliver himself up to the English, who imprisoned him in the midst of the ocean, at the distance of near 5000 miles. The army retired beyond the Loire, to submit peaceably to its discharge, and to sacrifice to the tranquillity of the country, even the irritated feelings of a disappainted hope. The allies proceeded to seize on and pillage a great part of France, and the king re-entered Paris on the 18th of July.

This disastrous epoch of the hundred days was a very remarkable one. The spirit of liberty had roused itself in France, after a slumber of fifteen years; Napoleon was resisted; the army and the National guards recollected the re-action of 1792; the citizens and soldiers began to approach one another; the military again became citizens; Napoleon was no longer their idol, he had been only a rallying point imposed by circumstances; they resolved, in fine, for the cause of their country, and of liberty, both of which they had too much forgotten. Some few places held out for a length of time, and an Austriar army, that was besieging Huningen, were astonished at being stopped in their course by an invalid and a few veterans. The situation of the king, on the whole, was a critical one; he entered his capital, preceded by irritated foreigners, who exacted an enormous contribution, part of which was paid on the spot by means of a forced loan; cannon was planted on his palace, and the greatest disorder prevailed in France. The king proclaimed, on the 29th of June, that his government had perhaps been faulty in some respects, promised to add to the charter all the guarantees which secure its execution, and declared that the representative government should be maintained. The rest belonged to his ministers and to circumstances; the responsibility of the former has been unnoticed in the charter, but it ought not to escape the notice of history.

The chamber of 1815, called the Unsearchables, was nominated by the yet incomplete electoral colleges, and the knights of St. Louis, who were united to it. It seemed as if it gave the signal for a re-action of the most furious passions. The tribunals, the military commissions, and the provostal courts, shed the blood of a great number of persons, accused of political crimes. Denunciators, partly some of the old Jacobins, filled the places of the former functionaries, and the standing commissions were renewed. The impunity of assassination organised, in the south, a set of royalists called green-men, who made the country tremble. Brune killed himself at Avignon; Ramel, sent in the name of the king, was assassinated; some unfortunate

Mamelukes, who had attached themselves to the fortunes of Napoleon, expired under the cruel hand of the Marseillais; while the Protestants were murdered at Nismes by some wretches, who walked about boldly, encouraged by a chamber, which imposed silence on Argenson, their accuser. Enquiries pursued the military, and the amnesty was on the point of becoming dreadful to France, if the ministry had not opposed the chamber. Espionage and domiciliary visits were for a long time the reprisals for some measures of a similar kind, adopted during the hundred days. Fiery orators signalised themselves in the chamber by propositions, little encouraging to the nation, or perhaps to the throne itself. In fine, the discontented state of France, that had already manifested itself by an insurrection in the Iserer, which had been severely repressed, warned the minister, that it was time to stop this torrent, which grew more rapid the more it was confined. The foreign cabinets even showed a desire for this step. The charter itself was threatened, and, to place things in safety, the ordinance of the 5th of September was renewed, and the chamber dissolved.

A new assembly, elected under the influence of a moderate policy, adopted, notwithstanding the opposition of the aristocratic party, a law for elections agreeable to the charter: this was the chief requisite of the representative government. Prosecutions gradually ceased; the public spirit revived; the ministry, without granting all that was claimed, seemed at least to allow the people to hope. Other institutions, conformable with the charter, were promised; the administration became more lenient, and mutual instruction was encouraged and already made great progress. Fifteen members, introduced into the chamber by the new law, strengthened the constitutional majority; salutary measures, with regard to military promotion, were defended with talent by the conscientious minister, Gouvion Saint Cyr; and the frontiers were delivered from 100,000 foreigners, whose presence had given all its force to the re-action. Still, however, that system of policy which, while it sought support on the right and the left, was finally influenced rather by private interest, and the advantage of a set of pensioners, than by public opinion, insinuated itself slowly. Expenses swelled, notwithstanding extraordinary public burdens; but the frank opposition avowed by the nation marked these abuses, and expressed their wants.

The aristocratic party, which appeared to have assumed, in their parliamentary tactics, the language of the liberals, and implored in vain by their secret notices for the aid of a foreign power, foresaw that they would soon be reduced in the chamber to the rank they held in the nation; they therefore stirred up opposition to the electoral law. The chamber of peers, which till then had excited little notice, received the proposition for modifying this law a proposition which a ministry, appointed at this crisis, rejected; and sixty new peers were created to displace the majority. The ministry resting on public opinion, a satisfactory law on the freedom of the press was adopted, and the journals became free. Soon, however, an injudicious discussion on the re

calling of the banished, and some disturbance, that had occurred in the law school, broke the unanimity which prevailed between the ministry and the liberal majority. Some persons, undoubtedly with the best intentions, contemplated the alteration of the law of elections, until the ministers, St. Cyr, Dessoles, and Louis, refusing to take part in this business, retired (1820) with popularity for their only reward. The Spanish revolution, which then broke out, and the rejection of a deputy legally elected, again exasperated the new schism.

Suddenly a prince of the royal family, the Duke de Berri, fell beneath the knife of a fanatical assassin; and a sad presentiment seized on all upright minds, to whom the experience of the past is not useless, and who well know, how power can form a party for its support from a bloody robe. Two laws immediately suspended individual liberty, and the liberty of the press. A minister who, notwithstanding the new attack on the law of election, preserved a popularity that he owed to the remembrance of the 5th of September, M. Decaze, was overthrown. His successors, with the majority of five voices (their own) passed a law, which establishes two kinds of elections, and gives the richest electors the right of voting twice. Some outrages committed on the deputies, who refused their consent to this law, occasioned reprisals and numerous mobs; on which several days after, the cavalry made a charge and dispersed them. Soon (1821) the ministry brought before the court of peers a great number of military men, accused of a formidable conspiracy. In this proceeding were seen, among others, some of those men, known by the name of exciting agents, who have done much mischief in every period of the revolution, and who make the police an instrument of promoting confusion. As to the legislative session, it presented only the continued triumph of a strong majority, introduced into the chamber of deputies by the new law.

During this year the Neapolitan and Piedmontese nations, which had established among them the representative government, and the constitution of the Cortes, were subdued and chastised by the Austrians. It was also in the year 1821, that the news reached Europe of the

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death of Napoleon. A few years before, this event would have convulsed the world: at this period it only produced the effect of the resounding of the far distant, but still formidable storm. The new election in 1821, reinforced the right side of the chamber, already so numerous. the opening of the session, the majority overthrew the ministers to whom it was indebted for the law, and some of the presidents, under whose direction it had been chosen. A minister, whom they deemed more decided, had been named. The ex-ministers, according to custom, retreated to the chamber of peers, or received appointments as ministers of state. A very severe and restrictive law now passed, with regard to the press, subjecting authors to the judgment of a jury, and a new law on the publication of newspapers took the place of the censorship. A budget of more than 900,000,000, or much above any that had been proposed in times when the kingdom was at its greatest height of power, passed without difficulty, supported by the majority of the right side: while still the left continued to render itself worthy of its popularity, and of the national gratitude, by its devoted conduct, its fine talents, and its indefatigable zeal in defending the general interests.

Louis XVIII. died in 1824. Our review of the factions and changes of modern French. history has been perhaps already continued too far-the events are hardly cooled from the crucible in which they have taken their apparent form. It will suffice to say that this prince was truly a Frenchman: that at least in his second though short exile he learned much, and that France has resumed and retained a power of teaching her future kings, more.-She will be free.

Our intelligent readers will observe that the whole of the preceding History of France has been recast, on the basis of the most esteemed French authorities, for the present work: we have in some cases simply translated particular passages, and exercised a supervisory care over the whole; conceiving that an intelligent and moderate French historian would be able to give us the fairest and best digested account of French history..

FRANCE, ISLE OF, the name of an important province of France before the revolution. It comprised Paris, and probably received its name from being surrounded by the Seine, the Marne, the Oise, the Aisne, and the Ourcq. It is in general level, fertile, and populous; but is now divided into the departments of the AISNE, OISE, SEINE, SEINE and OISE, and SEINE and MARNE, which see.

FRANCE, ISLE OF, or Mauritius, an island in the Indian Ocean. See MAURITIUS.

FRANCFORT. See FRANKFORT. FRANCHE COMTE', or Upper Burgundy, the name, before the revolution, of a province of France, adjacent to Switzerland and Lorraine. It now forms the departments of the DOUBS, JURA, and UPPER SAONE, which see.

Its nor

thern part is level: its southern hilly and better adapted to pasturage. Its principal rivers are the Saone, the Doubs, the Oignon, and the Louve; along the banks of the first two are many iron works; and in the vicinity of Salins extensive salt works. Franche Comté has belonged to France since 1674, and was confirmed to that country by the peace of Nimeguen. Its capital town was Besançon.

FRANCHEMONT, or FRANCHIMONT, a town and district of France, in the department of Ourte; formerly a marquisate of Germany, in the bishopric of Liege. The town lies thirteen miles south-east of Liege.

FRANCHISE, n. s. & v. a. Fr. franchise. Privilege; immunity; right granted; exemption from slavery or any onerous duty. Frankness;

generosity; district; extent of jurisdiction; to make free; to keep free.

Certain, thought she, whom that this thing displese

I rekke not for here I him assure
To love him best of any creature
Though he no more hadde than his sherte.
Lo, pitee runneth sore in gentil herte
Here may ye seen, how excellent franchise
In women is, whan they hem nawe avise.

Chaucer. The Merchantes Tale.

There are other privileges granted unto most of the corporations, that they shall not be travelled forth of their own franchises. Spenser's State of Ireland.

I lose no honour

In seeking to augment it; but still keep My bosom franchised, and allegiance clear. Shakspeare. They granted them markets, and other franchises, and erected corporate towns among them.

Davies on Ireland. His gracious edict the same franchise yields To all the wild increase of woods and fields.

Dryden.

FRANCHISE, is also used for an asylum or sanctuary, where people are secure of their persons, &c. Churches and monasteries in Spain are franchises for criminals; so were they anciently in England, till they were abused to such a degree that there was a necessity for abolishing the custom. One of the most remarkable capitulars made by Charlemagne in his palace of Heristal, in 779, was that relating to the franchises of churches, by which he forbad any provision to be carried to criminals retired into churches for refuge.

FRANCHISE, and Liberty, in law, are used as synonymous terms; for a royal privilege, or branch of the king's prerogative, subsisting in the hands of a subject. Being therefore derived from the crown, they must arise from the king's grant; or, in some cases, may be held by prescription, which presupposes a grant. We shall briefly mention some of the principal kinds of franchise, premising only, that they may be vested either in natural persons or bodies politic; in one man, or in many but the same identical franchise, that has before been granted to one, cannot be bestowed on another, for that would prejudice the former grant. A county Palatine is a franchise vested in several persons. It is likewise a franchise for a number of persons to be incorporated and subsist as a body politic; with a power to maintain perpetual succession, and do other corporate acts and each individual member of such corporation is also said to have a franchise. Other franchises are, to hold a court-leet; to have a manor or lordship; or, at least, to have a lordship paramount to have waifs, estrays, treasure-trove, royal fish, forfeitures, and deodands: to have a court of one's own, or liberty of holding pleas and trying causes; to have cognisance of pleas; which is still a greater liberty, being an exclusive right, so that no other court shall try causes arising within that jurisdiction: to have a bailiwic, or liberty exempt from the sheriff of the county; wherein the grantee only, and his officers, are to execute all processes: to have a fair or market; with the right of taking toll,

either there or at any other public places, as at bridges, wharfs, or the like; which tolls must have a reasonable cause of commencement (as in consideration of repairs, or the like), else the franchise is illegal and void or lastly, to have a forest, chase, park, warren, or fishery, endowed with privileges or royalty. Usage may uphold a franchise without either record or creation, allowance or confirmation; but it hath been adjudged that grants of franchises, made before the time of memory, ought to have allowance within the time of memory, in the king's bench; or by some confirmation on record; and such ancient grants shall be construed as the law was when they were made, and not as it hath been since altered; but franchises granted within time of memory are pleadable without any allowance c confirmation; and, if they have been allowed confirmed, the franchises may be claimed charter.

force thereof, without showing the

Franchises may be forfeited and seized for mis-user, or non-user, and, when there are many points, a mis-user of any one will make a forfeiture of the whole. For contempt of the king's writ, in a county palatine, &c., the liberties may be seized, and the offenders fined; and the temporalities of a bishop have been adjudged to be seized until he satisfied the king for such a contempt.

FRANCIA (Francis), a celebrated Bolognese painter, born in 1450. He was first a jeweller, afterwards a graver of coins and medals; and, applying at last to painting, obtained great reputation by his works, particularly by a painting of St. Sebastian, whom he had drawn bound to a tree, with his hands tied over his head. Hearing much of the works of Raffaelle he greatly desired to see some work of so celebrated an artist; and Raffaelle, having painted a St. Cecilia for the church of St. Giovanni del Monte at Bologna, wrote to Francia, requesting him to see it properly fixed. The letter was received with rapture; but when he came to examine the picture, the sight of so much perfection in design, grace, expression, and exquisite finishing, struck Francia with astonishment, and threw him into a state of melancholy; and the feeling of how much Raffaelle was superior to himself is said to have occasioned his death, in 1518.

FRANCIS (Philip),D. D., an ingenious writer, of Irish extraction, his father being dean of a cathedral in that kingdom. He was more distinguished as a translator than as an original writer. His versions of Horace and Demosthenes have been justly valued; the former is accompanied with learned and useful notes. He was also a considerable political writer: and is supposed to have been employed by the government; for which service he was appointed rector of Barrow in Suffolk, and chaplain of Chelsea hospital. He was also the author of two tragedies, Eugenia, and Constantia. He died at Bath in March 1773, leaving a son, then one of the supreme council at Bengal.

FRANCIS (Sir (Philip), a celebrated whig politician of modern times, was the son of the last mentioned, and was born in Ireland in 1740.

He was educated partly by his father, and afterwards at St. Paul's school; on leaving which he became a clerk in the secretary of state's office He went out to Portugal with the British envoy in 1760; and on his return obtained a situation in the war-office under lord Barrington. He was dismissed, or relinquished the post, in consequence of a quarrel with that nobleman; and in 1773 he went to the East Indies, when he became a member of the Bengal council, and distinguished himself by his opposition to the measures of governor Hastings, the violence of which at length occasioned a duel, in which Mr. Hastings was wounded. In 1781 Mr. Francis returned to England, and was chosen M. P. for the borough of Yarmouth in the Isle of Wight. In the house of commons he joined the opposition; and, on the impeachment of Mr. Hastings, actively supported his accuser: He came into office with the whig administrat ; where he was honored with the order of the bath. He died in 1818, having published several clever political pamphlets, and to him has been somewhat plausibly assigned the credit of having written the famous Letters of Junius. See JUNIUS.

FRANCIS (St). the founder of the society of the Franciscans, was the son of a merchant of Assisi, in the province of Umbria. Having led a dissolute life, he was reclaimed by a fit of sickness, and in 1208, hearing the passage quoted, Matt. x. 9, 10. Provide neither gold, nor silver,' &c., he was led to consider a voluntary and absolute poverty as the essence of the gospel, and to prescribe it as a sacred rule to himself and those who followed him. See FRANCISCANS. He died in 1226.

FRANCISCANS, in ecclesiastical history, religious of the order of St. Francis, founded by him in 1209. This society, which appeared to Innocent III. extremely adapted to the state of the church; was solemnly approved and confirmed by Honorius III. in 1223. Francis, through an excessive humility, would not suffer the monks of his order to be called fratres, i. e. brethren or friars, but fraterculi, i. e. little brethren, or friars minor, by which denomination they still continue to be distinguished. They are also called gray friars, on account of the color of their clothing, and Cordeliers, &c. The Franciscans and Dominicans were zealous and active friends to the papal hierarchy. In 1287 Matthew of Aqua Sparta, being elected general of the order, discouraged the ancient discipline of the Franciscans, and indulged his monks in abandoning even the appearance of poverty. This conduct raised the indignation of the spiritual or austere Franciscans; so that from 1290 schisms arose in an order that had been famous for its pretended disinterestedness and humility. Such was the enthusiastic frenzy of the Franciscans, that they impiously maintained, that St. Francis was a second Christ, in all respects similar to the first; and that their institution and discipline were the true gospel of Jesus. Accordingly, Albizi, a Franciscan of Pisa, published a book in 1383, with the applause of his order, entitled, The Book of the Conformities of St. Francis with Jesus Christ! In the

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beginning of the eighteenth century, the whole Franciscan order was divided into two parties; the one called Spirituals, who embraced the severe discipline and absolute poverty of St. Francis; and the other, Brethren of the Community, who insisted on mitigating the austere injunctions of their founder. These wore long, loose, and good habits, with large hoods; the former were clad in a strait, coarse, and short dress, pretending that this dress was enjoined by St. Francis, and that no power on earth had a right to alter it. Neither the moderation of Clement V. nor the violence of John XXII. could appease the tumult occasioned by these two parties: however their rage subsided from A. D. 1329. In 1368 these two parties were formed into two large bodies, which still subsist, comprehending the whole Franciscan order; viz. the conventual brethren, and the brethren of the observances or observation, from whom sprung the Capuchins and Recollects. The Franciscans are said to have come over to England in 1224, and to have had their first house at Canterbury, and their second at London; but there is no certain account of their being here till Henry VII. built two or three houses for them. At the dissolution of the monasteries, the conventual Franciscans bad about fifty-five houses, which were under seven wardenships; viz. those of London, York, Cambridge, Bristol, Oxford, Newcastle, and Worcester.

FRANCISCO (St.), a capacious town and harbour on the coast of Brasil, on the south frontier of the province of St. Paul. The bay has three fortified entrances, of which that to the south is the most frequented. The inhabitants in the neighbouring country are chiefly employed in cutting timber, and ship-building; in which many negroes are also employed. The town is situated on a small island at the entrance of the bay, in lat. 26° 153'. Behind it, is a ridge of mountains, which rise to the height of 4000 feet. Over this impassable barrier a road is constructing, at an incredible expense, which when it is finished will be of great importance to this port.

FRANCISCO RIO, a large river of Brasil, which has its rise in the province of Minas Geraes, between 20° and 21° of S. lat., in that low valley which is formed in the interior, beyond the first ridge of the Andes, which here run in a direction nearly north and south. It runs north for many miles, with an inclination to the north-north-east, and then, turning east, after a course of about 800 miles it falls into the Atlantic, in lat. 6° 55′ S., and is the boundary between Bahia and Pernambuco.

FRANCKLIN (Thomas), D. D., a miscellaneous critic, and writer, was the son of a printer and bookseller of Covent Garden, where he was born in 1721. His father, who was printer of the Craftsman, devoted him to the church, and he was educated at Westminster school, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He afterwards was an usher in the school in which he was educated, and in 1750 became Greek professor at Cambridge. He first appeared as an author in a translation of The Epistles of Phalaris, 1749, and of Cicero's tract De Naturâ Deorum

About the same time he published An Enquiry into the Astronomy and Anatomy of the Ancients, reprinted in 1775, 8vo. In 1759 appeared his Sophocles, 2 vols. 4to. which is allowed to be a fair and forcible translation of that great poet. This was followed by a Dissertation on Ancient Tragedy: he is also supposed to have aided Smollet in the Critical Review, and in the translation of the works of Voltaire. In 1757 he received from Trinity College the livings of Ware and Thundridge in Hertfordshire, and published in 1765 a volume of popular Sermons on the relative Duties. The next year he produced at Drury-lane theatre the tragedy of the Earl of Warwick, borrowed without acknowledgment from the French of La Harpe; and although in 1767 he was made one of the king's chaplains, and in 1770 D. D., he paid a constant attention to the stage, by the occasional production of dramas, chiefly adapted from the French, and on one occasion descended even to farce. In 1776 he was presented to the living of Brasted in Surrey. In 1780 Dr. Francklin published his excellent translation of Lucian, in 2 vols. 4to. and died March 15th, 1784. Besides the works already mentioned, he was the author of a humorous piece entitled A Letter on Lectureships, An Ode on the Institution of the Royal Academy, and three volumes of posthumous Sermons.

FRANCOIS, CAPE, a town on the north coast of Hispaniola, and one of the principal towns of the island. Its port is advantageously situated on a cape at the edge of a large plain, sixty miles long and twelve broad. It is screened too much from the land wind by the mountains, and thus left exposed to the unmitigated heat of the sun. The plain on which it stands is well watered and cultivated. Here are straight roads, forty feet broad, lined with hedges of lime and lemon trees, intermixed with long avenues of other trees, and leading to plantations which produce a greater quantity of sugar than any other spot of the same size in the world. The town once possessed several elegant public buildings, such as the Jesuits' College, converted since the revolution into a government house; the governor's house, the barracks, the arsenal, the theatre, and two hospitals. The port is one of the most secure and convenient in the whole island. It is exposed to no wind but the north

fruits; but the borders are full of woods and barren mountains. The majority of the people are Lutherans; but there are also many Calvinists, Roman Catholics, and Jews. The Franks, who conquered and gave name to France, came from this province. See FRANCE. Nuremburg is the capital.

FRANEKER, FRANEQUER, or FRANKER, a town of the Netherlands, in north Friesland. It has a castle, and many magnificent buildings, and stands on the canal between Haarlem and Lewarden. There is also a university or Athenæum, once famous for its learned professors; particularly Adrian Metius, George Pasor, Pierius Winsemus, &c. It lies nine miles west of Lewarden, and five east of Harlingen. Population 3400.

FRANGIBLE, adj. Lat. frango. Fragile; brittle; easily broken.

Though it seems the solidest wood, if wrought before it be well seasoned, it will shew itself very frangible. Boyle. FRA'NION, n.s. Sax. Freon, a lover; a paramour; a boon companion.

First, by her side did sit the hold Sansloy,
Fit mate for such a mincing minion,
Who in her looseness took exceeding joy,
Might not be found a franker franion.

FRANK, adj. FRANK'LY, adv. FRANK'NESS, n. s.

Faerie Queene. Fr. franc; Germ. frank, is connected with the word

frech, bold, and frei, free. Liberal; generous; not niggardly; unreserved; free without restraint; without conditions; without payment. Frank is not, however, quite synonymous with candid, free, open, and plain Frankness is a voluntary effusion of the mind between equals: candor is a debt paid to justice from one independent being to another. The frank, free, and open, all speak without constraint; but the frank man is not impertiTent like the free man, nor indiscreet like the open man. See Crabb.

Thou hast it won; for it is of frank gift, And he will care for all the rest to shift.

Oh, were it but my life, I'd throw it down for your deliverance, As frankly as a pin.

Hubberd.

Shakspeare. Measure for Measure. If ever any malice in your heart Were hid against me, now forgive me frankly. Id. Henry VIII. The ablest men that ever were, have had all as openness and frankness of dealing, and a name of certainty and veracity. Bacon.

The moister sorts of trees yield little moss, for t reason of the frank putting up of the sap into the Id. boughs.

He entered very frankly into those new designs, Clarendon. which were contrived at court.

The lords mounted their servants upon their own horses; and they, with the volunteers, who frankly listed themselves, amounted to a body of two hundred and fifty horse.

Id

When the Condé duke had some eclaircissement with the duke, in which he made all the protestations of his sincere affection, the other received his protestations with all contempt; and declared with a very unnecessary frankness, that he would have no friendship with him.