whose first line have bows and arrows; and the three following, swords and targets. In the lowermost division now visible, the horses seem to be seized by the victorious party, their riders beheaded, and the head of their chief hung in chains, or placed in a frame; the others being thrown together beside the dead bodies under an arched cover. The greatest part of the other side of the obelisk, occupied by a sumptuous cross, is covered over with a uniform figure, elaborately raised, and interwoven with great mathematical exactness. Under the cross are two august personages, with some attendants, much obliterated, but evidently in an attitude of reconciliation; and if the monument was erected in memory of the peace concluded between Malcolm and Canute upon the final retreat of the Danes, these larg figures may represent the reconciled monarchs. On the edge below the fretwork are some rows of figures joined hand in hand, which may also imply the new degree of confidence and security that took place after the feuds were composed, which are characterised on the front of the pillar. But, to whatever particular transaction it may allude, it can hardly be imagined, that in so early an age of the arts in Scotland as it must have been raised, so elaborate a performance would have been undertaken, but in consequence of an event of the most general importance; it is therefore surprising that no more distinct traditions of it arrived at the era when letters were known. The height of this monument (called King Sueno's Stone) above the ground is twenty-three feet; besides twelve or fifteen feet under ground. Its breadth is three feet ten inches, by one foot three inches in thickness.' FORSAKE', v. a. Sax. Foɲracan; Belg. FORSAKER, n. s. versaaken; Swed. forsaka: preter. forsook; part. pass. forsook, or forsaken. Compounded of the negative for and sake, seek, secan, i. e. to seek no more. To leave that which has been pursued; to abandon that which has been chosen: to be forsaken is to be deprived of the company and assistance of others. Forlorn, and destitute, which are sometimes used as synonymous with forsake, are more comprehensive. To be forsaken, says Crabb, is a partial situation : to be forlorn and destitute, is a permanent condition. Thou didst deliver us into the hands of lawless enemies, most hateful forsakers of God. Apocrypha. The devils engins would me take, If ever I Love would forsake Or Bialacoil falsly betraie. Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose. At his sight the sun hath turned, Neptune in the waters Lurned; Hell hath felt a greater heat, Jove himself forsook his seat. Ben Jonson. "Twas now the time when first Saul God forsvok, God Saul; the room in's heart wild passions took. Cowley. Truth, modesty, and shame, the world forsook; Fraud, avarice, and force, their places took. The' avenging bolt, and shake the dreadful shield, Forsook by thee, in vain I sought thy aid. Pope. Orestes comes in time Daughter of Jove, whose arms in thunder wield To save your honour; Pyrrhus cools apace; A. Phillips's Distrest Mothor. Fletcher's Purple Island. This were the worst desertion :-renegadoes, Even shuffling Southey, that incarnate lie, Would scarcely join again the reformadoes,' Whom he forsook to fill the Laureate's sty. Byron. turalist and traveller, born in 1736. He studied FORSKAL (Peter), a celebrated Swedish nafirst at Gottingen, and afterwards at Upsal; at which last place he became a pupil of Linné. In 1761 he was requested by the king of Denmark to travel, with Niebuhr and others, for the died at Jerim, in that country, in 1763. He purpose of making discoveries in Arabia; and was the author of a tract entitled Thoughts on Civil Liberty, printed in 1759; and from his papers, which Niebuhr brought home with him, were published Descriptiones Animalium, &c. quæ in Itinere Orientali Observavit, 4to.; Flora gyptiaco-Arabica, 4to.; Icones rerum Naturalium quas in Itinere Orientali depingi curavit Forskal, 4to. FORSKOHLEA, in botany, a genus of the pentagynia order, decandria class of plants; CAL. pentaphyllous, and longer than the corolla. There are ten petals spatulated, i. e. roundish before, with a linear base. Species three; natives of Egypt, Teneriffe, and the Cape. FORSOOTH, adv. Sax. Foɲroge, for, and sooth, truth. See SooтH. In truth; certainly; Very well. It is now used almost always in an ironical or contemptuous sense. A thefe he was, forsoth of corn and mele, Chaucer. The Reve's Tale. Deny your love, so rich within his soul, Shakspeare. FORSTER (John Reinhold), a celebrated Prussian naturalist, born in 1729. In his youth he made great progress in the learned and modern languages; and in 1748 became a student at the University of Halle, where he chiefly devoted himself to those branches of learning connected with divinity. From Halle he removed to Dantzic, where he commenced preacher; but, being afterwards led to expect some considerable preferment in Russia, he proceeded to that country. His expectations, however, proved fruitless, and he left Russia and came over to England, where he for some time acted as tutor in the French and German languages at Warrington. When captain Cook's second voyage was projected, in 1772, he was chosen to accompany that navigator round the world, and after his return, in 1775, the University of Oxford honored him with the degree of LL.D. But, contrary to the engagements he had entered into with the government, he published a botanical account of the plants discovered during the voyage, which occasioned his being treated with such coolness, that he left England and went to Halle, where he was appointed professor of natural history. He died in 1798. He was the author of Observations made in a Voyage round the World; History of Voyages and Discoveries in the North; On the Byssus of the Ancients; Several Papers in the Philosophical Transactions, &c. FORSTER (John George Adam), son of the above, was born at Dantzic in 1754, and came to England with his father in 1766. He was educated at Warrington, and, having accompanied his father in the voyage round the world, became, after his return to Europe, professor of natural history at Cassel; from which place he removed to Wilna, in Poland, and afterwards to Mentz, where he was appointed president of the University. At the beginning of the revolution, he was chosen by the inhabitants of Mentz as their representative at Paris; and died there in 1792. He wrote an account of his Voyage round the World, 2 vols. 4to.; a Defence of the same against Mr. Wales, 4to.; a Philosophical and Picturesque Journey along the Banks of the Rhine, 2 vols. 8vo. &c. FORSTER (George), an English traveller sometimes confounded with the above, was in 1782 in the civil service of the East India Company, and one of the tew servants in the Madras Establishment who had at that period studied the language of Hindostan. He commenced in this year a journey from Bengal to Persia and came through Russia to England, when he published an account of it, in 2 vols. 4to. He travelled chiefly in the character' of a Mahommedan merchant. Mr. Forster died in India in 1792. FORSTER (Nathaniel), a learned English divine, born at Plymstock in Devonshire, in 1717. He received the first part of his education at Plymouth, and afterwards at Eton; whence, in 1733, he proceeded to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he took his degree in arts, and was elected fellow. His first church preferment 1750 he became chaplain to bishop Burnet of was the rectory of Hethe in Oxfordshire. In Durham, who appointed him his executor. About this time he took his degree of D.D. After the death of bishop Burnet, in 1752, he was chosen by archbishop Herring as his chaplain: and in 1754 he obtained a prebend in the cathedral of Bristol, and the vicarage of Rochdale in Lancashire. In 1756 he was appointed chaplain to his majesty, and the following year preacher at the Rolls; he died the same year at Westminster. His writings are, 1. Reflections on the Antiquity, &c., of Egypt; 2. Platonis Dialogi quinque, &c., 1745; 3. Appendix Liviana, 1746; 4. Popery Destructive of the Evidence of Christianity, a Sermon; 5. A Dissertation on the Account given of Jesus Christ by Josephus; 6. Biblia Hebraica, sine Punctis; 7. On the Marriages of Minors, 8vo. FORSTERA, in botany, a genus of the triandria order, and gynandria class of plants. CAL. double; the exterior one beneath three-leaved; the interior one above, and six-cleft: COR. tubular; berry inferior, one-celled and one-seeded. Species one; a climber of New Zealand. FORSWEAR', v. a. & v. n. Preterite forswore; participle forsworn; Sax. Foɲrþæɲian. For, neg. and swear: to swear contrary to the truth; or to reperjury, however, are not in use strictly synonynounce an oath; to abjure. Forswearing and mous. oaths; to perjure is employed only for such To forswear is applied to all kinds of oaths as have been administered by civil or ec clesiastical authorities. Now drinke I not this yere clarre Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose. Never to wooe her more; but do forswear her, Shakspeare. FORSYTH (William), an able modern horticulturist, was born at Old Meldrum in the county of Aberdeen, in 1737. He was a pupil of the celebrated Miller, gardener to the company of apothecaries, at Chelsea, and in 1771 succeeded him in that situation. In 1784 he was appointed superintendent of the royal gardens at Kensington and St. James's. Mr. Forsyth was a member of the Linnæan and other learned societies. He died in 1804; leaving Observations on the Diseases, Defects, and Injuries of Fruit and Forest Trees, and A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. Mr. Forsyth discovered a composition to remedy the diseases of trees, for which he received a grant from parliament. FORT, n. s. Fr. fort, fortifier, FORTED, adj. fortresse; Ital. and FORTIFIABLE, adj. Teut. fort, from Lat. FORTIFICATION, n. s. fortis, strong. A fort FORTIFIER, is a place or castle FORTIFY, v. a. & v. n. strengthened against FOR TILAGE, n. s. attacks by walls or FOR TIN, n. s. works. Bu.lt for FORT'LET, n. s. strength and defence. FORTRESS, n. s. Fortification is employed in the same sense; but also designates the science of military architecture. Fortin and fortilage signify a little fort; and the former is especially applied to a fort raised to defend a camp during a siege. To fortify, is used not only in its primary application, but metaphorically, to confirm; to encourage; to fix; to establish in resolution. Fortress is something more considerable than a fort; a strong-hold; a castle of defence. He fortified the city against besieging. Ecclus. 1. 4. For how should I ere more him sene? Bicause the touré is so strong : How should he out, or by whose prowesse, Out of so strong a fortiresse? Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose. Against the forte of reason evermore, Spenser. Faerie Queene. Yet was the fence thereof but weak and thin, Nought feared their force that fortilage to win. Id Of palisadoes, fortins, parapets. Your desert speaks loud, and I should wrong Shakspeare. Measure for Measure. To fortify the former opinions Tostatus adds, that those which dwell near the falls of water are deaf from their infancy; but this I hold as feigned. Raleigh. They erected a fort, which they called the fort de l'or: and from thence they bolted like beasts of the forest. Bacon. Hence while unsettled here he fighting reigns, Shut in a tow'r where thousand enemies Assault the fort; with wary care and pains He guards all entrance, and by divers spies Searcheth into his foes' and friends' designs, For most he fears his subjects wav'ring mind; This tower then only falls when treason undermines. Fletcher's Purple Island. The trump of death sounds in their hearing shrill, Their weapon, faith; their fortress was the grave. Fairfax. The fortifier of Pendeunis made his advantage of the commodity afforded by the ground. Carcw. He that views a fort to take it, To fortify thus far and overlay Denham. With this portentous bridge the dark abyss. There is no such way to give defence to absurd doctrines, as to guard them round about with legions of obscure and undefined words; which yet makes these retreats more like the dens of robbers, or holes of foxes, than the fortresses of fair warriors. Locke. Fortification is an art shewing how to fortify a place with ramparts, parapets, moats, and other balwarks; to the end that a small number of men within may be able to defend themselves, for a considerable time, against the assaults of a numerous army without. Harris. moor, twelve north-east of Inverness, and 165 north of Edinburgh. FORT AUGUSTINE, and FORT WILLIAM, were The Phoenicians, though an unwarlike nation, yet fortresses of Inverness, of some consequence in the understood the art of fortification. Broome. They battle it beyond the wall, and not FORT (Francis Le), a Russian military and naval commander, was descended from a noble family of Geneva, where he was born in 1656. At the age of fourteen he entered the French service; but afterwards, in hopes of preferment, joined a German colonel who was enlisting a body of men for the czar Alexis. He returned with him to Moscow, and became secretary to the Danish resident there. The young czar, Peter, now made him a captain of foot and his confidant. Le Fort suggested to this original despot many of his plans for the improvement of Russia. Being employed to raise a body of 12,000 men intended to awe the Strelitzes, he was made their general. Soon after created an admiral; and, though previously unacquainted with maritime affairs, was very useful in forming the commencement of the Russian marine. In 1696 his conduct at the seige of Asoph was so admirable that the czar gave him the chief command of his troops both by land and sea. He was also appointed to the government of Novogorod, and the first place in the ministry. On the czar's determination to travel he created Le Fort his ambassador to the different courts he intended to visit, and travelled in his train as a private person. He retained his influence until his death, which happened at Moscow in 1699. last rebellion in favor of the house of Stuart. The former had accommodation for 400, the latter for 2000 troops: it was the garrison of Inverlochy in Cromwell's time. But orders were issued by government in 1818 to dismantle both these forts. FORT ST. DAVID, a town of Hindostan, situated on the coast of the Carnatic, and on the river Tripapolore. Two other rivers of considerable size are found in this neighbourhood; and the town is the emporium of the country for fine dimitties and painted cottons. An English factory was established here as early as 1686 or 1691, when a small territory was purchased from a Mahratta rajah. When Madras was captured by the French in 1746, the English were besieged here, but made a successful resistance. The town was taken however in 1785, by M. de Lally, and the fortifications destroyed. It is fifteen miles S. S. W. of Pondicherry, and 100 S. S. W. of Madras. FORT WILLIAM. See CALCUTTA. FORTALICE, in Scots law, signified anciently a small place of strength, originally built for the defence of the country; and which on that account was formerly reckoned inter regalia, and did not go along with the lands upon which it was situated without a special grant from the crown. Now, fortalices are carried by a general grant of the lands; and the word is become synonymous with manor place, messuage, &c. FORTESCUE (Sir John), lord high chancellor of England, under Henry VI., was descended from an ancient family in Devonshire. He studied the municipal law in Lincoln's Inn, of which he was made a governor, in the fourth and seventh years of Henry VI. In 1430 he was made a serjeant at law, and, in 1441, king's serjeant. In 1442 he was made lord chief justice of the king's bench; and afterwards lord FORT GEORGE, a fortress in the county of Inver- high chancellor. During the reign of Edward ness, Scotland, situated on a low peninsula, pro- IV. he was many years in exile with queen jecting from the south side upwards of a mile Margaret and prince Edward her son. When into the Moray frith. It is an irregular polygon they returned to England, Sir John Fortescue of six bastions, constructed on the principles of accompanied them, but soon after the decisive Vauban, and mounting eighty pieces of ordnance. battle of Tewksbury, he was thrown into prison All the sides but one are washed by the sea: and attainted, with other Lancastrians; but was the one facing the land is defended by a ditch pardoned by Edward IV. He wrote, 1. A that may be kept wet or dry at pleasure, a Commentary on the Politic Laws of England; to ravelin, lunettes, a covered way, and glacis. one edition of which Selden wrote notes. 2. These communicate with the body of the fort by The difference between an absolute and a lidraw-bridges. Although the position is low, mited Monarchy, as it more particularly regards no neighbouring ground commands it; and its the English constitution (which was published, guns ranging on the sea fronts, from shore to with some remarks, by John Fortescue, aftershore of the frith, protect the entrance of the bay wards lord Fortescue, in 8vo. in 1714; and a leading to the Caledonian canal. Within the second edition was published with amendments, works are barracks for 3000 troops, good quar- in 1719): and several works which still remain ters for a governor and staff, bomb-proof maga- in MS. He died, nearly ninety years of age, zines, an armoury, chapel, storehouses, hospital, and was buried in the parish church of Ebburton, workshops, excellent water, &c. In two of the where a monument was erected to his memory curtains are bomb-proof casemates, where a con- in 1677. siderable number of men could retire. This fort was begun in 1746, and completed in 1764. It has since been frequently garrisoned by Highland regiments. It is ten miles north of Culloden FORTEVENTURA, or FUERTEVENTURA, one of the Canary Isles, and next to Teneriffe the largest of the group, is about fifty miles in length, and twenty-four in its greatest breadth; it con Ev'n that sunshine brewed a shower for him, You, cousin, Whom it concerns to hear this matter forth, Id. Id. tains several large sandy plains, and is inferior in fertility and population to several others of this That washed his father's fortunes forth of France. group. The camel has been introduced here, it is said, with advantage. In those spots which are sufficiently watered, vegetation is luxuriant, and corn is an object of exportation. The goats are numerous, and their flesh excellent: a great part of their milk is made into cheese. Of late years soda has been produced on the coast; and in 1798 49,373 quintals were exported to Teneriffe. The principal towns are Pajara, Oliva, and St. Maria de Betencuria, the last being so called from De Bethencourt, the first settler in the Canaries. The population is estimated by St. Vincent at 8600, by Humboldt at 9000. In 1745 it was only 7382. Long. 14° W. and lat. 28° S. Sax. Fond, whence further and furthest. The Saxon word is FORTH, adv. & prep.- For then the nightingale, that all the day Chaucer. The Floure and the Leafe. He told them there. Id. Boke of the Duchesse. Faerie Queene. They will privily relieve their friends that are forth; they will seno the enemy secret advertisements; and they will not also stick to draw the enemy privily upon them. Spenser. Arrived there, they passed in forthright; For still to all the gate stood open wide. Faerie Queene. And here's a prophet that I brought with me Davies on Ireland. Some forth their cabins peep, Donne. But when your troubled country called you forth, Id. I understand thee-thou would'st have me go FORTH, in geography, one of the finest rivers of Scotland, and the largest of the island of Great Britain. It takes its rise in the Lomond hills; and, running from west to east, receives, in its passage, many considerable streams, deriving their waters from the eminences in the midland counties of Scotland. Between Stirling and |