or the system itself. As the word politeía means 'the government of a state,' 'pólitics' must include all things belonging to' that government. 'Plátonism' may mean the doctrine taught by PLATO, or adherence to his principles, or some tendency towards acceptation of his teaching.

In several adjectives ending in ic the suffix comes (through the Latin icus, or through the French ic, ique) from the Greek ikós. Ex.: 'cátholic,' ' doméstic.'

30. ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES.-ENGLISH.

Of these suffixes ed, en, ful, some, and y, are used to denote, more or less, the possession of a quality indicated by the stem-word. Participial forms in ed were used in E.I., and are extensively used in Modern English in cases where no verb exists to which such forms belong. Ex.: ' right-minded,' though it does not belong to the verb 'mind,' is good English, and in structure is like 'ópen-hearted' and left-handed.' The uses of other adjective suffixes are shown in the appended table. The word 'búxom' shows that both the stem and the suffix may come from E.I., though the derivative itself is not found there.

and (or ande), the Pr.P. ending of the Northern Dialect, ende in the Midland Dialect, and inde in the Southern, are generally

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in meaning to the participle and adjective ending ing; but in some E.II. words they are = to the suffix in a-ble or i-ble.

In the older style of spelling, ick was formerly used for ic.

32. VERBAL SUFFIXES.

Verbs having First English stems have lost their infinitive suffixes, an and ian., In verbs borrowed from Latin and French almost all Roman noun suffixes are found, excepting about a dozen used to form abstract nouns.

The n here represents, not the E.I. verbal ending ian, but the n of the stem preceding that lost suffix. Some verbs in en are imitative.

A derivative word is called a hybrid when it consists of parts belonging to two languages. Ex. . in 'piece-meal' the first part is French, the second is English.

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In the Northern Dialect gate, or gates, takes the place of both ways and wise. Thusal-gates' by all ways,' and 'thus-gate' thus wise,' or in this way.'

Suffix.

ling

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{

E.I.1-inga; E.II.
linge

Examples of Uses. 'dárkling' (MILTON), 'sídeling.'

In Northern forms linge becomes linges, which in the Scottish Dialect is reduced to lins, as in 'aiblins' (perhaps), and sidelins' (sideling). The Old English adverbial ending es is changed to ce in the words 'once,' 'twice,' 'thrice,' 'hence,' 'thence,' and whence.' In hither,'' thither,' and 'whither,' ther takes the place of der in Old English.

When two words—each having, when placed apart, a distinct meaning-are placed together, so as to make one word, the word is called a Compound. Ex.: bówstring.'

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The Chief Words in a sentence are the Noun, the Pronoun, the Adjective, and the Verb. Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions are called Particles. [See §7.]

COMPOUND WORDS are divided into two Orders. In the First Order one Chief Word is connected with another. Ex.: ‘lándmark' (= noun + noun); 'fréeman' (= adjective noun); spéndthrift' (= verb + noun).

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Ex.:

In the Second Order a Compound is made by connecting one of the Chief Words with a Particle. 'óverflow' (= preposition + noun).

Compounds of the First Order are described in §§ 34, 35, and 36.

To indicate the several forms of Compounds the sign is used, with the initials N (for noun), A (for adjective), and V (for verb). Thus N+ N = one noun connected with another, or added to another.

Το

Compounds are more or less firm, or established by common use. some extent firmness is indicated by the accent thrown upon the first part, and by omitting the hyphen, as in 'sunrise' and sunset,' which may be contrasted with wine-merchant' and with 'stéel-pén.' But the hyphen is often printed in firm compounds, such as sea-coast' and 'play-time.'

Excepting two or three words, compound nouns formed of First English stems have no connective vowels. In 'hand-i-work' i is not a connective vowel, but represents the first syllable of geweorc (= weorc = work). In 'handy work' and 'handy book' the word 'handy' is a modern form of the Old English adjective hende,' of which the first (or etymological) meaning 'dexterous.' The second meaning (which in the olden time was more commonly accepted) 'courteous,' or 'benign,' and 'gracious.' [See Specimens of Early English,' Part. II. By MORRIS and SKEAT.]

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34. COMPOUND NOUNS.

Ex.:

A COMPOUND WORD that serves as a Noun may have one of these three forms:-N + N; A + N; V + N. 'fisherman,' 'fréeman,'' spéndthrift.'

NN.-As general rules for this form, the following may be given :-The first word is the defining word, or names the species. The second word names the genus. The first word has the accent. Ex.: bówstring.' [See § 36, on exceptions to the rule of accent.]

The first noun may serve, as an adjective, to define the second, with respect to its kind. Ex.: oák-tree,' 'chérrytree.'

The first may define the second, with respect to materials. Ex.: fínt-gláss,' a 'stéel-pén.'

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The first may define the second, with respect to some likeness. Ex.: béll-flower.'

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The first may have the use of a noun in the Possessive Case. Ex.: Wednesday Woden's day, in E.I. Wôdnes dag; Thursday Thor's day, in E.I. punres dag; Góspel = God's word, or message.

But in numerous examples the first word in a compound serves instead of a participial or a prepositional phrase that might be used as an adjective. In the words 'a lily growing in water,' the phrase 'growing in water'