BOOKS RECEIVED.

Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. Ten Great Religions. An Essay in Comparative Theology. By James Freeman Clarke. Twenty-Second Edition. Crown 8vo, pp. x., 528. 1886. $2.00; - Ten Great Religions. Part II. A Comparison of all Religions. By James Freeman Clarke. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, pp. xxvii., 528. 1886. $2.00; - Verses. Translations from the German and Hymns. By W. H. Furness. 16mo, pp. iv., 88. 1886. $1.25;Progressive Orthodoxy. A Contribution to the Christian Interpretation of Christian Doctrines. By the Editors of "The Andover Review," Professors in Andover Theological Seminary. 16mo, pp. 258. 1886. $1.00.

Carl Schoenhof, Boston. Aus der Verbrecherwelt, von Heinrich Spengler. Zweite vermehrte und verbesserte Auflage. Pp. 230. Leipzig: Verlag von Johannes Lehmann. 1886;- Briefe aus der Hölle, von M. Rowel. Frei nach dem Dänischen. 21-30. Tausend. Pp. 353. Leipzig: Id.; Die Unzulänglichkeit des theologischen Studiums der Gegenwart. Ein Wort an Dozenten, Pfarrer und Studenten. Pp. 109. Leipzig: Id. 1886; Handbuch für den Konfirmanden-Unterricht. Methodische und nach Luthers Katechismus geordnete Stoffsammlung, mit Berücksichtigung derk irchlichen Bekenntnissschriften. Erster Theil. Das erste Hauptstück, nebst zwei einleitenden Vorträgen, von Dr. Georg Hornburg, Pastor in Detershagen bei Burg-Magdeburg. Pp. 170. Leipzig: Id. 1886;- Das Leben der Mutter in Gebet und Lied. Den deutschen Frauen und Müttern, gewidmet von Gustav Leonhardi. Pp. 199. Leipzig: Id.-Im Jenseits, von Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. Aus dem Amerikanischen. Zweite, sehr verbesserte Auflage. (6-10. Tausend.) Pp. 174. Leipzig: Id. 1885;- Das Buch Hiob, nach Luther und der Probebibel, aus dem Grundtext bearbeitet und mit Bemerkungen versehen von Viktor Böttscher, Pastor in Pretzschendorf. Pp. 72. Leipzig: Id. 1885.

Massachusetts New Church Union, Boston. The Swedenborg Calendar. With a selection from Swedenborg's Writings for every day in the year; Lectures upon the Doctrines of the New Church. By Rev. John Worcester. Delivered in Newtonville, 1885. Pp. 97. 1886.

Brown & Gross, Hartford. Life after Death, and other Sermons. By Edwin Emerson Johnson, M. A., late Brownell Professor of Rhetoric and of the English Language and Literature in Trinity College, and Rector of Trinity Church, Hartford, Conn. 8vo, pp. xix., 345. 1886. $1.25.

Funk & Wagnalls, New York. St. Augustin, Melanchthon, Neander. Three Biographies. By Philip Schaff. 12mo, pp. vi., 168. 1886. $1.00 ; — Commentary on the Gospel of John, with an historical and critical introduction, by F. Godet, Doctor in Theology and Professor in the Faculty of the Independent Church of Neuchâtel. Vol. I. Translated from the third French Edition, with a Preface, Introductory Suggestions, and additional notes, by Timothy Dwight, Professor of Sacred Literature in Yale College. 8vo, pp. x., 559. 1886. $3.00.

Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. The Spartan and Theban Supremacies. By Charles Sankey, M. A., Joint-Editor of the Series, Assistant-Master in Marlborough College. With five maps. 16mo, pp. xxi., 231. 1886. $1.00; -The Early Hanoverians. By Edward E. Morris, Professor of English in the University of Melbourne. With maps and plans. 12mo, pp. xxii., 235. 1886. $1.00.

Scribner & Welford, New York. An Introduction to Theology: Its Principles, its Branches, its Results, and its Literature. By Alfred Cave, B. A., author of "The Scriptural Doctrine of Sacrifice, including investigations into the origin of Sacrifice, the Jewish Ritual, the Atonement, and the Lord's Supper; co-translator of "Dr. Dorner's System of Christian Doctrine," and Principal, and Professor of Theology, of Hackney College. Pp. xv., 576. 1886 ; -The Bible, an outgrowth of theocratic life. By D. W. Simon. Pp. xv., 219. The American Home Missionary Society, New York. Our Country: Its Pos

1886.

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sible Future and its Present Crisis. By Rev. Josiah Strong, Pastor of the Central Congregational Church, Cincinnati, Ohio. With an Introduction by Prof. Austin Phelps. Pp. x., 229. 1885.

John W. Lovell Company, New York. A Scotch Verdict. In Re Evolution. By Charles F. Deems, LL. D., Pastor of the Church of the Strangers, New York. Pp. 108. 20 cents.

J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia. Dogma no Antidote for Doubt, including a review from the standpoint of a Protestant Churchman, or Bishop McLaren's Work, entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote of Doubt;" an Exposition of the Character and Claims of Modern Ritualism; and an Appeal for Christian Unity. By a Member of the New York Bar. Pp. xv., 253. 1885.

A. S. Barnes & Co., New York & Chicago. Carmina Sanctorum. A Selection of Hymns and Songs of Praise. With Tunes. Edited by Roswell Dwight Hitchcock, Zachary Eddy, Lewis Ward Mudge. Square 8vo, pp. 447. $1.25. Kælling, Klappenbach & Kenkel, Chicago. Die Religion der Moral. Vorträge, gehalten in der Gesellschaft für moralische Kultur in Chicago, von William Mackintire Salter. Vom Verfasser genehmigte Uebersetzung herausgegeben von Georg von Gizycki. Pp. 363. Leipzig u. Berlin : verlag von Wilhelm Friedrich. 1885.

Fleming H. Revell, Chicago. Current Discussions in Theology. By the Professors of Chicago Theological Seminary. Vol. III. 12mo, pp. 359. 1885. $1.50.

S. R. Winchell & Co., Chicago. Shakespeare's Tragedy of Hamlet. Edited, with Notes, by Homer B. Sprague, A. M., Ph. D., President of Miils College; formerly Head Master of the Girls' High School, Boston. With Critical Comments, Suggestions and Plans for Study, Specimens of Examination Papers, and Topics for Essays. Pp. 230. 35 cents.

Pamphlets. J. H. Franklin & Co., Fall River. A Century of Progress. A Thanksgiving Sermon preached November 26th, 1885, in the First Congregational Church, Fall River, Mass. By William W. Adams, Pastor of the Church. -Gazette Printing Co., Northampton. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Clarke Institution for Deaf-Mutes at Northampton, Mass., for the year ending August 31, 1885. - - Beacon Press: Thomas Todd, Printer, Boston. A Commemorative Discourse on the Work and Character of Ulysses Simpson Grant, delivered before the Citizens of Watertown, August 8, 1885, by C. L. Woodworth, D. D.; also the Prayer offered on the same occasion by Luther T. Townsend, D. D. Republican Press Association, Concord, N. H. The Church as it is; or the Forlorn Hope of Slavery. By Parker Pillsbury. Second Edition. Revised and Improved. - Phillips & Hunt, New York. “Oxford League Series: Number One. Ancestry of the Wesley Family; Number Two. The Oxford Methodist Brotherhood; - Number Four. Methodist Converts in High Places ;· Number Five. The Literary Work of the Wesleys; Number Six. The Place of Education in English Methodism ;- - Number Seven. The Place of Education in American Methodism. All of these by Daniel Wise, D. D.; — Oxford League Series. The Birthplace of Methodism. By J. M. Freeman, D. D.-Joseph Burnett & Co., Boston. House-hold Receipts. Valuable Receipts for those who regard Economy as well as Excellence in the Cuisine and Toilet. - Richard Brinkerhoff, New York. Second Edition. Scriptural Temperance. An Answer to the Question: Is Total Abstinence from all Intoxicating Drinks as a Beverage, a Duty enforced by the Teaching of the Bible? By the Rev. W. H. Ten Eyck, D. D.- Wilbur B. Ketcham, New York. The Family in the History of Christianity. By the Rev. Samuel W. Dike, Secretary of the National Divorce Reform League and Author of "The Religious Problem of the Country Town," etc., etc., etc., 20 cents; — The Present State of Logical Science. Reprinted from the Bibliotheca Sacra, for January, 1885. By Professor Henry N. Day, D. D., New Haven, Conn. — Jansen, McClurg & Co., Chicago. A Critical Analysis of Drummond's Natural Law in the Spiritual World, with a reply to some of its conclusions. By E. C. Larned. — E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. Eulogy on General Grant, delivered at Westminster Abbey, London, August 4, 1885, by Canon Farrar.

THE topics now to be discussed are the mutual relations of the corporation, operatives, and the town. Consider first the corporation.

Corporations are as old as Roman law. But, in their great number and their varied purposes, the stock corporations of industrial life are a characteristic feature of recent times, and may almost be considered a creation of the nineteenth century. In England a distinction is made between corporations, joint-stock companies, and partnerships; in the United States a joint-stock company is commonly incorporated. For the purpose of these articles it is not necessary to dwell on the importance of corporations in the maintenance and development of our civilization. The world cannot get on without them. In their beneficent uses they create no perplexing moral problem. That comes when the uses are not wholly beneficent, when good and evil work together, with dangerous liabilities and actual mischiefs. The problem is solved by eliminating the evil. But first of all the evil must be seen and recognized.

Corporations gather and concentrate power. There is no power which can compete with that of the largest corporations but the power of the government that created them, and the united power of the people, expressed in public sentiment or in political act. Singly or in combination they often control the government, by controlling voters, by bribes or corruption in other modes, by the embarrassment produced by their multiform antagonism. Thus, by perversion, the power of a corporation may be used to secure many results not named in the declaration of its purposes. Many

Copyright, 1886, by HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & Co.

other things which are not named it controls incidentally and unavoidably. If it be a manufacturing corporation it gathers workmen from all sides, of the same or of related trades. They are sometimes imported from foreign lands. In recent years more than one hundred thousand Canadian Frenchmen have come into Massachusetts. Most of them are at work in factories. They have been directly imported in colonies, or induced to immigrate by the urgent demand for their labor. Information respecting the demand has been diligently circulated in Canada by the corporations wishing to employ them. By the class from which they come, and by the nature of their occupation, operatives have some common characteristics, common tendencies and liabilities. They are massed together in a community in which these characteristics become marked and prominent. The rules of the corporation employing them and the spirit of its administration have much to do with the development and activity of such characteristics, or with their suppression if objectionable. With whatever qualities they may have, factory communities have important influence on the condition and life of the town. They affect its intelligence, its moral qualities, its political action. Corporations create these communities. For their characteristics and their influence the corporations have a certain measure of responsibility to the town, the commonwealth, the nation.

The mode in which a corporation exercises its power is, as nearly as possible, impersonal. In law the corporation is itself a person, distinct from the members who constitute it. In practice no individual member holds himself responsible for the acts of the corporation. Decisions are made by a stock vote, and a majority of the shares is commonly held by a minority of the stockholders. The directors often pursue a course not approved by many a stockholder, but no director holds himself responsible for the acts of the corporation. Practically, a great deal of power is delegated to the managing director, who is called agent or treasurer. He uses the power at his discretion, but does not always hold himself responsible. He is not acting for himself: he is carrying out a general plan prescribed by the directors. Or, as an intelligent but irresponsible servant, he is seeking the prosperity of the corporation by accomplishing the purposes for which it was organized. These purposes he holds himself bound to accomplish, perhaps by every means which is not in itself criminal, at least by every means which may be considered upright and legitimate. Incidental evils may be involved: there may be incidental but

real and great oppression. In many cases no one holds himself responsible. The corporation is a distinct person, and the corporation has no soul. It is notorious that corporations often thus do what no member would do in his private relations and on his personal responsibility. Certainly there are many corporations, in all departments of industrial life, of which such a statement cannot be truly made. They will be considered hereafter; it is to the ordinary corporation to which reference is made at present.

All great power is liable to be despotic in use. Power which is used impersonally is, so far forth, used irresponsibly; and all irresponsible power is liable to be tyrannical. Power which deals with men in masses by means of general rules, without discrimination in individual cases, is, in some cases, sure to be oppressive; especially if the rules are rigorous, and if the power is used with energy. When two parties are concerned, if great power is used by one party for its own benefit, without careful regard to the welfare of the other, it is used selfishly, and is sure to be oppressive. No positively evil intent is implied; under the conditions named, oppression is the result of selfish neglect. These are all truisms, but in their application to industrial corporations they need to be carefully considered. In manufactures, the primal and chief power resides in the corporation. The operatives are not only controlled by it, but they are dependent upon it for the support of life and for nearly all the material good which they will ever enjoy. They have learned one trade which has more or less unfitted them for any other. By that most of them must live. It is said that if they do not like one mill they can go to another. That means only that they can put themselves under the power of another corporation, while the statements above made apply to all corporations.

Individually considered, the stockholders in the ordinary corporation may be upright and worthy men, may be religious men, honored in the church for their Christian activities. As facts are, that often determines very little respecting the use made of corporate power. The character of the corporation is determined by the end which it has in view, and by the means taken to secure it. Better or worse individually, the stockholders are commonly associated together for the purpose of making money by carrying on some business in itself legitimate and honorable. The control of large capital makes great accumulations possible, and increases the desire for them. Eagerness for profits depends in part on the nature of the investment, whether it be of capital long possessed