project. He promised that the colonies would supply tar enough for the English navy forever if sufficient hands were employed. Orphans, he wrote, had been made over to those who would maintain and educate them. Each person's account was kept separate, as they would have to repay by their labour what they then received. He prophesied that their numbers would increase, as they were very healthy (ib. cxxv. cxxxvii. 25). In 1712 he reported that his colonists were all settled in good houses and lands near the pine woods, that a hundred thousand pine-trees had been felled and burned for tar during the autumn, and that it was proposed to employ a number of the colonists in the navy yard at New York, adults at 6d. and children at 4d. a day. But Hunter added that he had laid out all his money and engaged all his credit, that the Indians grew threatening, and the officers were starving for want of pay. He concluded that he had had 'nothing but labour and trouble, with the pleasure of having surmounted opposition and difficulties next to insurmountable' (ib. cxlix. 1-2). Hunter had constant disputes with his assembly, which refused again and again to vote the required 'appropriations' unless their 'inherent right' to a voice in the disposal of the money was admitted (BANCROFT, Hist. ii. 24). Hunter foresaw that the question would some day lead to the secession of the provinces from the parent country (ib. ii. 239). A compromise was arrived at in 1715 (Treas. Papers, ccliii. 42). From 1709 to 1715 the assembly of New York refused to vote a revenue without particular application of it, to which the governor would not submit, but which was agreed to by Hunter in the latter year. American writers describe Hunter as a man of good temper and discernment, the best and ablest of the royal governors of New York. He returned home with the rank of brigadiergeneral in 1719. On 20 June 1729 he became major-general, and was appointed governor of Jamaica and captain of the independent companies garrisoning that island, which appointment he held up to his death (Home Office Mil. Entry Book, xiii. f. 221). He died in Jamaica on 31 March 1734 (Gent. Mag. 1734, p. 330). By his will, proved in November 1734, he left considerable property at Chertsey (including the patronage of the living) to his son Thomas Orby Hunter (d. 1769), M.P. for Winchilsea, from whom descended the family of Orby-Hunter (on condition of his not contracting a certain marriage), together with 5,000l. to his daughter Katherine, wife of William Sloper, and fortunes to his daughters Henrietta and Charlotte. He also mentions a debt of 21,0007. due from the crown for the subsistence of

the colonists of the palatine in New York, which had been acknowledged by Mr. Harley and the treasury, but never paid' (MANNING and BRAY, vol. iii.) A Latin epitaph on Hunter, written by the Rev. Mr. Fleming, is given in Nichols (Lit. Anecd. vi. 90), but does not appear among those still extant in Jamaica, collected by Major Lawrence Archer. Hunter married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Thomas Orby, third baronet, of Croyland Abbey, Lincolnshire, and widow of Brigadiergeneral Lord John Hay (d. 1706) [q. v.] of the royal Scots dragoons.

Hunter became a member of the Spalding Society in 1726. Most biographers, relying on Swift, describe Hunter as the author of the Letter concerning Enthusiasm,' which was written by Shaftesbury, and of which the original is in the 'Shaftesbury Papers' in the Public Record Office [see COOPER, ANTHONY ASHLEY, third EARL OF SHAFTESBURY]. Thomas Coxeter [q. v.], on the authority of a manuscript note on the title-page of the only known copy extant, once in possession of John Philip Kemble, gives Hunter as the author of a farce entitled 'Androboros' (Biog. Dramatica, i. 251).

[Paterson's Hist. of the Counties of Ayr and Wigton, vol. iii.; Manning and Bray's Surrey, iii. 230; Bancroft's Hist. of the United States, vol. ii.; Appleton's Encycl. Amer. Biog.; Swift's Works; Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 339, iv. 261, vi. 89; Treasury Papers indexed under name in Calendars of State Papers, 1704-7, 1708–14, 1714–17, 1718-25; J. Lawrence Archer's Monumental Inscriptions in the West Indies. Papers relating to Hunter's governments of New York and Jamaica will be found among the Board of Trade and other papers in the Colonial Office Records in the Public Record Office. A letter from Hunter to Addison in 1714 forms Egerton MS. 1971, f. 15, and one to C. Heathcote Add. MS. 24322, f. 1. Hunter's correspondence with the Duke of Newcastle in 1728-33, with Sir Chas. Ogle and P. Y. Ximenes, is also among Add. MSS.] H. M. C.

HUNTER, ROBERT (A. 1750-1780), portrait-painter, a native of Ulster, studied under the elder Pope, and had a considerable practice in Dublin about the middle of the eighteenth century. He modelled his tone of colouring on the painting of old masters. His portraits were excellent likenesses, if not of the first rank in painting. He had an extensive practice until the arrival of Robert Home[q. v. ] in 1780, who attracted the leaders of fashion. Hunter took a prominent part in the foundation of the Dublin Society of Artists, and was a frequent contributor to their exhibitions in Dublin. Many of his portraits were engraved in mezzotint, including John,

HUNTER, SAMUEL (1769-1839), editor of the Glasgow Herald,' born in 1769, was son of John Hunter (1716-1781), parish minister of Stoneykirk, Wigtownshire. Receiving his elementary education in his native place, he qualified as a surgeon at Glasgow University, and for a time, about the end of the century, practised his profession in Ireland. Somewhat later he acted as captain in the north lowland fencibles, and settled in Glasgow, where his geniality and strong common sense speedily made him popular. On 10 Jan. 1803 he was announced as part proprietor and conductor of the Glasgow Herald and Advertiser, to which he largely devoted himself for the following thirty-four years. Soon afterwards, owing to the prevalent dread of a French invasion, he figured first as major in a corps of gentlemen sharpshooters, and secondly as colonel commandant of the fourth regiment of highland local militia. Entering the Glasgow town council, Hunter rose to be a magistrate, and was very successful and popular on the bench. In 1820 fresh military activity brought him forward as commander of a choice corps of gentlemen sharpshooters. From this time till 1837, when he retired from the 'Herald'-then a sheet of four pages, appearing bi-weekly

burne family at Stonyhurst, Lancashire, in 1704. After the marriage of Sir Nicholas Sherburne's daughter and heiress, Mary Winifred Frances, in 1709, with Thomas, eighth duke of Norfolk, Hunter generally resided with the duchess as her chaplain. He died on 21 Feb. 1724-5.

His works are: 1. A Modest Defence of the Clergy and Religious against R.C.'s History of Doway. With an account of the matters of fact misrepresented in the same History,' sine loco, 1714, 8vo. This is in answer to the anonymous work of the Rev. Charles Dodd [q. v.] entitled 'The History of the English College at Doway, from its first foundation in 1568 to the present time,'

1713.

Dodd replied to Hunter in 'The Secret Policy of the English Society of Jesus,' 1715, a work which is sometimes called Dodd's Provincial Letters.' 2. 'An Answer to the 24 Letters entitled The Secret Policy of the English Society of Jesus; containing a Letter to the Author of the same; and five Dialogues, in which the chief matters of fact contained in those letters are examined.' Manuscript at Stonyhurst. A copy was in Charles Butler's collection. 3. An English Carmelite. The Life of Catharine Burton [9. v.], Mother Mary Xaveria of the Angels, of the English Teresian Convent at Antwerp,' London, 1876, in vol. 18 of the 'Quarterly Series, edited by the Rev. Henry James Coleridge, S. J. The original manuscript is in the custody of the Teresian nuns at Lanherne, Cornwall.

author, eldest son of William Hunter, born

HUNTER, THOMAS (1712-1777),

Kendal grammar school, and matriculated at 1737 he was elected master of the Blackburn Queen's College, Oxford, on 2 July 1734. In grammar school, and was subsequently appointed curate of Balderstone, Lancashire, One of his pupils was Edward Harwood [q. v.], who spoke of him as a most worthy preceptor,' and most learned and worthy clergyman' (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ix. 579). He left Blackburn in 1750, on being appointed vicar of Garstang, Lancashire, and was preferred on 18 April 1755 to the vicarage of Weaverham, Cheshire, where he died on 1 Sept. 1777. He was blind for many

years, during which some of his later works were produced. He married at Blackburn, on 28 Feb. 1738, Mary, widow of Hugh Baldwin, and among his children were William Hunter, fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford, and minister of St. Paul's, Liverpool, and Thomas Hunter, who succeeded him as vicar of Weaverham. Both published sermons.

Hunter wrote: 1. A Letter to the Hon. Colonel John in Flanders, on the subject of Religion,' 1744, 8vo. 2. A Letter to a Priest of the Church of Rome on the subject of Image Worship,' 8vo. 3. Observations on Tacitus,' 1752, 8vo. 4. An Impartial Account of Earthquakes,' Liverpool, 1756, 8vo. 5. ‘A Sketch of the Philosophical Character of Lord Bolingbroke,' 1770, 8vo; second edition, 1776. For this work he received the degree of M.A. by diploma from the university of Oxford. Bishop Warburton's opinion of it was not very favourable (Letters to Hurd, cciv.) 6. 'Moral Discourses on Providence and other Important Subjects,' 1774, 2 vols. 8vo; second edition, 1776. 7. 'Reflections, Critical and Moral, on the Letters of the late Earl of Chesterfield,' 1776, 8vo.

[Fishwick's Hist. of Garstang (Cheth. Soc.), ii. 193; Earwaker's Local Gleanings, vols. i. ii.; Abram's Hist. of Blackburn, 1877, pp. 339, 347, 478; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Ormerod's Cheshire, orig. edit. ii. 58.]

C. W. S.

HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718-1783), anatomist, seventh of ten children of John and Agnes Hunter, and elder brother of John Hunter (1728-1793) [q. v.], was born at Long Calderwood, East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, on 23 May 1718. At the age of fourteen he was sent to Glasgow University, where he remained five years. He was intended by his father for the Scottish church, but becoming averse to subscribing the articles, he took the advice of William Cullen (1710-1790) [q. v.], then practising at Hamilton, and decided to enter the medical profession. He was Cullen's resident pupil from 1737 to 1740, and a partnership with Cullen was to have followed his return from study in Edinburgh and London. He afterwards referred to Cullen as 'a man to whom I owe most, and love most of all men in the world.' After spending the winter of 1740-1 at Edinburgh under Monro primus and other professors, he went to London in the summer of 1741. Dr. James Douglas (1675-1742) [q. v.], who was looking out for a suitable dissector to aid him in his projected work on the bones, engaged Hunter for this purpose, and to superintend his son's education. Douglas also assisted Hunter to enter as a pupil at St. George's Hospital under James

Wilkie, surgeon, and to obtain instruction from Dr. Frank Nicholls (1699-1778) [q. v.], teacher of anatomy, and from Dr. Desaguliers in experimental philosophy. The death of Douglas in 1742 did not interrupt Hunter's residence with the family, and in 1743 he communicated his first paper to the Royal Society 'On the Structure and Diseases of Articulating Cartilages' (Phil. Trans. vol. xlii.) In the winter of 1746 he succeeded Samuel Sharpe [q. v.] as lecturer on the operations of surgery to a society of navy surgeons in their room in Covent Garden, and by their invitation extended his plan to include anatomy. His generosity to needy friends, however, left him without means to advertise his second year's course. He afterwards learnt to practise great economy. On 6 Aug. 1747 he was admitted a member of the Surgeons' Corporation. In the spring of 1748 he accompanied his pupil James Douglas through Holland to Paris, visiting Albinus at Leyden, and being much impressed with his admirable injections, which he afterwards emulated. In September 1748 his younger brother, John Hunter, arrived in London, learnt to dissect under him, and next year superintended his practical class. This connection lasted till 1759, during which period William Hunter's lectures gained fame for their eloquence and fulness, and for the abundance of practical illustration supplied. His success in obstetric practice led him to abandon surgery. In 1748 he was elected surgeon-accoucheur to the Middlesex, and in 1749 to the British Lying-in Hospital. On 24 Oct. 1750 he obtained the degree of M.D. from Glasgow University, and about this time he left Mrs. Douglas's family and settled as a physician in Jermyn Street. In the summer of 1751 he revisited Long Calderwood, which had become his property on the death of his elder brother, James. His mother died on 3 Nov. of the same year. On 30 Sept. 1756 he was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of London, and soon afterwards was elected a member of the Society of Physicians, the parent of the Medical Society. He now applied to be disfranchised by the Surgeons' Corporation, but in 1758 he paid the surgeons a fine of 207. for having joined the College of Physicians without their previous consent (Craft of Surgery, p. 284). Hunter had now become the leading obstetrician, and was consulted in 1762 by Queen Charlotte, to whom he was appointed physician extraor dinary in 1764. To relieve him in his lectures he had engaged William Hewson (1739–1774) [q. v.] to assist him, and later Hewson became his partner. They separated in 1770, when W. C. Cruikshank [q. v.] succeeded him. In 1767 Hunter was elected a fellow of the Royal

a

Society, and in 1768 was appointed the first professor of anatomy to the newly founded Royal Academy. In the same year he became fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He had already formed a notable anatomical and pathological collection. In 1765 he formed a project for building a museum for the improvement of anatomy, surgery, and physic,' and in a memorial to Mr. Grenville, then prime minister, he offered to spend 7,000l. on the building if a plot of ground were granted to him, and to endow a professorship of anatomy in perpetuity. This request was not granted, but Lord Shelburne some time afterwards offered to give a thousand guineas if the project were carried out by public subscription. Hunter preferred to undertake it alone, and bought a plot of land in Great Windmill Street, on which he built a house, with a lecture-theatre, dissecting-room, and a large museum. He removed thither from Jermyn Street in 1770. His anatomical and pathological collections had become enriched by large purchases from the collections of Francis Sandys [q. v.], Hewson, Magnus Falconar, Andrew Blackall, and others. He now added to it coins and medals, minerals, shells, and corals, and a remarkable library of rare and valuable Greek and Latin books. Hunter's duplicates when disposed of in 1777 furnished material for seven days' sale. In 1781 Dr. Fothergill's large collection, under the terms of his will, was added to Hunter's at a cost of 1,2007. In 1783 Hunter calculated that his museum had cost him 20,0007.

Hunter had not been on good terms with his brother when they parted in 1760, and there was little intercourse between them in later years. William seems to have claimed for himself several discoveries made by John, and in 1780 their disputes about discoveries connected with the placenta and uterus led to a final breach [see under HUNTER, JOHN]. In January 1781, after the death of Dr. Fothergill, Hunter was elected president of the Medical Society. He continued to practise, though he suffered greatly from gout in his later years. In 1780 he was elected a foreign associate of the Royal Medical Society of Paris, and in 1782 of the Academy of Sciences of Paris. On 20 March 1783, notwithstanding severe illness for several days and the dissuasions of his friends, he gave his introductory lecture on the operations of surgery, but fainted near the close, and had to be carried to bed. During his subsequent illness he said to his friend Charles Combe (1743-1817) [q. v.]: If I had strength enough to hold a pen, I would write how easy and pleasant a thing it is to die.' He died on 30 March 1783, aged

1

64, and was buried at St. James's, Piccadilly, in the rector's vault. He was unmarried.

In a painting by Zoffany of Hunter lecturing at the Royal Academy, Hunter's is the only finished portrait. It was presented by Mr. Bransby Cooper to the Royal College of Physicians in 1829. A portrait of Hunter, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, is in the Hunterian Museum at Glasgow. Of another portrait by Chamberlin there is a good engraving by Collyer belonging to the Royal Academy. Numerous other engravings by different hands are extant.

Hunter by his will left his museum to three trustees, Dr. George Fordyce, Dr. David Pitcairn, and Charles Combe, each with an annuity of 201. a year for twenty years, giving the use of it during that period to his nephew, Dr. Matthew Baillie [q. v.], together with 8,000l. for its maintenance and augmentation. After the twenty years it was to be given entire to the university of Glasgow. It now forms the Hunterian Museum in the university buildings at Gilmore Hill (see Glasgow University Calendar). He also left an annuity of 1007. to his sister, Mrs. Baillie, and 2,000l. to each of her two daughters. The residue of his estate and effects (including his paternal estate of Long Calderwood) was left to Dr. Baillie, who soon transferred Long Calderwood to John Hunter.

Hunter was slender but well made, and his face was refined and pleasing, with very bright eyes. His mode of life was very frugal. He was an early riser and constant worker, his antiquarian pursuits forming his chief amusement. He had a good memory, quick perception, sound judgment, and great precision. As an anatomical lecturer he was admirably clear in exposition, and very attractive by reason of his stores of apposite anecdotes. In medical practice he was cautious in making advances. His papers in

Medical Observations and Inquiries' (vols. i-vi.) show sound reasoning, based on normal as well as morbid anatomy, but modern advances in microscopic anatomy and in physiology render much of his work out of date. His papers On Aneurysm' (vols. i. ii. iv.), ‘On Diseases of the Cellular Membrane (ii.), "On the Symphysis Pubis' (ii.), 'On Retroverted Uterus' (iv. v. vi.), and 'On the Uncertainty of the Signs of Murder in the case of Bastard Children' (vi.) are still worth reading, and each of them has a distinct place in the advance of medicine. The latter paper has been several times reprinted in editions of Samuel Farr's edition of Faselius on Medical Jurisprudence.' For a controversy on his paper On Aneurysm' see Monthly Review,' xvi. 555 (1757), 'Critical Review,'iv.