to tatters, and threw him against the wall with such violence as nearly to kill him. The canons pulled away the archbishop, and his attendants took a hand in the turmoil. The citizens were aroused and would have torn the archbishop in pieces, if he had not made his escape to Lambeth Palace. He was finally forced to leave the country.

Other times, other manners.

In 1349 Archbishops Stratford, Ufford, and Bradwardine all perished in one year of the Black Death.

Archbishop Sudbury (e. 1375, d. 1381) was beheaded by the followers of Wat Tyler, because he had called them "shoeless ribalds." His head was borne on a lance in triumph through the streets.

Archbishop Courtenay (b. 1342, e. 1381, d. 1396) was at the head of a council to condemn Wycliffe, when an earthquake in the midst of the proceedings terrified every prelate present except Courtenay. He told them it was a warning from God to Wycliffe to make him quake and to shake his sandy foundations. Courtenay was the first aristocratic primate.

Archbishop Arundel (b. 1353, e. 1396. d.

1413) was Bishop of Ely at twenty-two years of age. Fuller asks: "Did he obtain his preferment by ability or nobility?" In 1388 he was translated to the see of York, and in 1396 to the primacy of Canterbury. This was the first instance of a translation from one archbishopric to the other.

Arundel persecuted the Lollards, and was said by them to have been seized with the inflammation of the throat, which terminated his life, while sentencing Lord Cobham to the flames.

Cobham had declared that "the Pope, the bishops, and the friars constituted the head, the members, and the tail of Antichrist." After that, of course, he went Towerwards.

Archbishop Kemp (b. 1380, e. 1452. d. 1454) built St. Paul's Cross, at that time one of the chief ornaments of London. He was

thirty-five years a peripatetic bishop, Rochester, 1419, Chichester, 1421, London, 1421, York, 1426, Canterbury, 1452, where he died.

Archbishop Morton (b. 1420, e. 1486, d. 1500) used to argue thus:

"If a man lives luxuriously, surely he has money in plenty, and can well afford to give

to his king and church. If a man lives frugally, then it is certain he is thrifty and has laid by money, and must have something to spare for king and church." In England the horns of a dilemma are still sometimes called "Morton's Fork."

This prelate built a magnificent gateway to his palace at Lambeth.

Archbishop Warham (b. 1450, e. 1503, d. 1532) is thus described by Erasmus: "He found leisure for the strict performance of his private devotions; to celebrate mass almost daily; to hear prayers read several times a day; to decide causes in his court; to receive foreign ministers; to attend the king's council; to adjust disputes which arose among his churchmen; to give dinners to his friends, whom he often entertained in parties of two hundred; and, along with all this, for reading every learned publication which appeared.

"So this illustrious man made the day, the shortness of which many allege as a pretext for their idleness, long enough for all the various public and private duties he had to perform."

His book of expenses shows that he spent thirty thousand pounds in repairing and beautifying the different see-houses in his diocese.

He crowned Henry VII., and opposed the supremacy of the Church claimed by Henry VIII., having previously disapproved of the king's marriage with Katherine of Arragon, because she was his brother's widow.

Warham was quite eclipsed by Archbishop Wolsey, of York, who drew all causes to his court legatine, whilst all other ecclesiastical jurisdiction in England kept a continual holiday, but he bore this with great moderation, contented with less honour, so that he had less envy.

Archbishop Cranmer (b. 1489, e. 1533, d. 1556), the most eminent prelate of Canterbury, was the man who acted the principal part in the compromise between the Catholics and the Protestants, which produced the Church of England. He was burnt at the stake by Queen Mary for treason against her in supporting Lady Jane Grey, and for heresy against the Pope and Catholic Church. Hoping to save his life, he recanted, but at his execution he declared that the hand which had signed that paper should be the first to burn, and held it in the flames until it was consumed.

Archbishop Pole (b. 1500, e. 1556, d. 1558) lived many years in exile on account of

his opposition to Henry VIII.'s divorce schemes. He was Queen Mary's cousin, and perhaps her former lover. On her accession to the throne, she recalled him to England, and the very next day after his predecessor was burnt at the stake, raised him to the primacy. She mulcted other bishops for his better support; refurnished his palace; provided him with a hundred servants, and all other things befitting the representative of the humble net-maker of Galilee. He lived only two years to enjoy the sunshine of royal favour, and died of a malignant fever on the next day after the queen.

Great numbers of ecclesiastics perished of this fever. Thirteen bishops Thirteen bishops died in four months, which contributed not a little to make the change in religion from Catholic to Protestant easier for Queen Elizabeth to inaugurate.

Archbishop Parker (b. 1504, e. 1559, d. 1575) had narrowly escaped martyrdom in the Marian persecutions, but after the accession of Queen Elizabeth he engaged the bishops to take each a portion of the Bible for revision; the whole was called Parker's Bible, or the Bishop's Bible. In the first edition, the portrait of the Earl of Leicester is placed